The Traffic Conjestion Problem In Sri Lanka Tourism Essay

The Traffic Conjestion Problem In Sri Lanka Tourism Essay Sri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean in South Asia, 65 610 square kilo meters in area, divided into nine administrative provinces where population of approximately 21 million in 2009. The country measures about 400 kilometers from North to South and 250 km from East to West. The total length of roadway in Sri Lanka is 112,603 km in 2009. The number of vehicles in Sri Lanka in 2009 is 2,245,108. By 1948, when Sri Lanka became independent, there were about 11,000 km of roads, of which about 7,000 km were paved. Sri Lanka has a road network of about 112,603km, comprising about 11,760 km of national roads; 15,743 km of provincial roads; 80,600 km of local authority roads; and 4,500 km of roads owned or controlled by irrigation, wildlife, and land development authorities. These national highways comprise roads that are categorized as Class A and B roads, the highest categories in Sri Lankas road hierarchy. Provincial roads are categorized as Class C, D, and E roads. While the capaci ty of local and rural roads has been expanded since 1948, most of the trunk roads date back to pre-independence years and their capacity has become inadequate owing in part to neglected maintenance. Road conditions are generally poor. Roads are the spine of the transport sector in Sri Lanka. They are crucial for the movement of people and goods and play a vital role in integrating the country, facilitating economic growth, and ultimately reducing poverty. National roads are holding over 70 percent of the traffic in Sri Lanka. Roads are very important for the large majority of Sri Lankas people who live in the villages. They are often the only way for most rural people to reach necessary services such as hospitals, schools, markets, and banks, which are mostly situated far from their villages. 1.2 Problem Background The facility of smooth traffic movement is an ornament as well as an asset to any city. But capital city of Sri Lanka is facing a big problem with traffic problem. Traffic problem has aggravated by the attention of all forms economic, commercial and administrative functions in the city. The city of Colombo attracts about 1.5 Million floating population on a working day and with the addition of the resident population in the city. The total population in the city increases to more than 2 Million during the daytime. It is estimated that about 50% of the commuting population arrives in the city for employment or to connect in commercial activities and or to attend educational institutions. The rest comes to the city for various other purposes. Commuting population are used various forms of transportation to enter the city. Both the number of vehicles and the passengers entering the City are increasing year by year. Traffic congestion is frequently increasing as more and more people buy vehicles. At the same time the residential population and the ownership of vehicles within the city limits will also experience a remarkable growth. Vehicles are entering to the City from 9 entry points on working days have been estimated to be around 275,000, and this is in addition to the contribution to the traffic floor by the use of vehicles of the residents in the city. The combination of these aspects outcome is a greater attraction of the city for people from the rest of the country thus aggravating the transport problem in the city of Colombo. 2. Reasons for traffic congestion The number of vehicles in the city is not the only factor that contributes to congestion. There are several other reasons for this traffic congestion. 2.1 The current traffic signal network A signal operation system is essential to road efficiency. There are so many roundabouts and crossroads where no traffic signals are installed in every place. These places are famous for traffic blocks since many motorists and pedestrians do not follow the prevalent rules. Pedestrians are crossed roads without regular intervals and using hand signals. It seems that the current traffic signal network in Colombo is insufficient to maintain massive amounts of traffic volume. 2.2 The current road system Massive highways, many bridges, and tunnels cannot be found all over the country like South Korea. Most of the roads are small and narrow.The conditions and standards of the roads are inadequate to meet rapidly growing freight and passenger traffic. More than 50% of the national roads have poor or very poor surface condition and many are seriously congested. The scope for widening roads on existing alignments is limited mainly because of land acquisition issues. 2.3 Inadequate investment Despite the substantial increases in traffic volume there have been inadequate investments for construction of new highways or widening and improving existing roads. Over the past years the investment in the road sector has been mainly determined on the rehabilitation of the existing road network. 2.4 Mixed traffic system National highways, which are generally two-lane, has been unable to carry the current volume of mixed traffic (pedestrians, bikes, buses, three-wheelers, and motor vehicles). Increasing traffic volumes and a traffic mix consisting of motorized and non-motorized traffic have resulted in low travel speeds, severe traffic congestions, and increased accident rates. 2.5 Street vendors There are illegal constructions and street vendors are doing their businesses in roadsides. In most roads passage through roadsides is obstructed by these street vendors. Uncontrolled roadside development and businesses has reduced the capacity of the road network. 2.6 Illegal parking Illegal parking significantly contributes to congestion and impedes the traffic flow. Cities suffer in Sri Lanka from unenforced driving and parking regulations. Although Vehicles parking in roadsides is illegal in the country most of motorists are parking their vehicles in roadsides reason for that is limitation of parking places. 2.7 Sidewalks for pedestrians In capital city, most of roads have constructed without sidewalks for pedestrians. When pedestrians are walking side on the road the existing roads have translated to as narrow roads. 3. Data analysis In this part has concerned about most relevant data in connection with traffic congestion. Although South Korea has provided more facilities for their transport system they also are possessed problem with congestion. In South Koreans has enjoyed with many highways, bridges, tunnels, and express ways in connection with their transport system. In considering about traffic congestion can be considered as population, no of vehicles, no of accident and no of persons killed in accident are the most important factors. In the following data has been attention about compare information with South Korea and Sri Lanka. 3.1 Population The following table no 1 and figure no1 has included information about population in thousand in two countries. Table no 1.Population in two countries Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sri Lanka Population(1000) 18,713 18,797 18,921 19,173 19,462 19,668 19,886 20,010 20,156 20,303 South Korea population(1000) 47,008 47,357 47,622 47,859 48,039 48,138 48,297 48,456 48,607 48,747 Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 Figure no 1.Population in two countries Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 When considering about this information South Korea population is higher than Sri Lanka reason for that Sri Lanka is a small country than South Korea. 3.2 No of registered vehicles Other most important factor is no of registered vehicles in these two countries. In table no 2 and 3 are provided total no of vehicles in two countries. Table no 2. No of registered vehicle in South Korea Year Registered Vehicle(1000) Increasing Rate(%) 2001 12,910 7.1 2002 13,950 8 2003 14,590 4.6 2004 14,930 2.4 2005 15,400 3.1 2006 15,900 3.2 2007 16,430 3.4 2008 16,790 2.2 Source:www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 Table no 3. No of registered vehicle in Sri Lanka Year Registered Vehicle(1000) Increasing Rate (%) 2001 1,779 2002 1,892 6.3 2003 2,074 9.7 2004 2,298 10.8 2005 2,527 10 2006 2,828 12 2007 3,126 10.5 2008 3,391 8.5 Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka Figure no 2.Registered vehicles in South Korea Source:www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 Figure no 3.Registered vehicles in Sri Lanka Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka In comparison with 2001 the no of vehicles has increased in 30% year 2008 in South Korea. There are 91% significant increment in Sri Lanka compare with 2001 and 2008. Although level of increased of total no of vehicles in both countries has decreased it is very significant in 2004 in South Korea. 3.3 Traffic Accident in South Korea In the following tables and figures have been discussed about traffic accident volume and how many people killed by road accident in both countries. Table no 4.Traffic Accident in South Korea Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Traffic Accidents Volume 290,481 260,579 230,953 240,832 220,755 214,171 213,745 211,662 251,822 Person Killed 10,236 8,097 7,090 7,212 6,563 6,376 6,327 6,166 5,870 Source:www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 Table no 5.Traffic Accident in Sri Lanka Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Traffic Accidents Volume 54,250 52,092 55,031 59,494 53,458 42,537 35,763 33,993 31,872 Person Killed 1992 1952 2029 1933 2116 2236 2238 2402 2328 Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka Figure no 4. Traffic Accident in South Korea Source:www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 Figure no 5. Traffic Accident in Sri Lanka Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka Although traffic accident volume has been decreased up to 2007 there is a considerable increment in 2008 in South Korea. In comparison with 2007, the traffic volume has been increased in 19% in the year 2008. In considering about Sri Lanka information the highest accident volume has been reported in year 2003.The amount is 59,494 accidents. After 2003, there are notable decreased in the traffic volume of Sri Lanka. When concerned about no of killed person in accident there are big different with two country. Although in South Korea the no of killed person in accident has been decreased year by year the Sri Lanka situation is different. There has been reported a significant increment about no of person killed in accident. 4. Solutions for problems 4.1 Traffic signal network To respond traffic congestion in capital city must be established new traffic signals in every roundabout, cross road and necessary places. It will be appreciable affected to reduce traffic congestion. The traffic signal network is established in 100% in the developed countries and many of other countries. 4.2 Improve road infrastructure. It is necessary to construct a modern road network, and upgrade existing roads to meet the countrys economic and social development needs. In addition to the need for improving and rehabilitating deteriorated roads, there is an urgent need to embark on a program for the construction of new intercity highways. In considering about road infrastructure should concern about sidewalks and illegal constructions. It will be helped to facilitate more road space to the motorist on the road. 4.3 Private sector investment The Government has limited capacity to finance public investments. Innovative financing strategies especially private sector investment will be needed to mobilize sufficient funding for such highways. Using these funds can be improved road maintenance and construction and make road development sustainable. The government should promote private sector participation in road infrastructure improvement. 4.4 Transport Planning and Coordination. Transport sector responsibilities in Sri Lanka have been widen over a multitude of ministries and agencies, leading to a highly fragmented structure of decision-making. At present there are nine ministries with a direct responsibility for transport infrastructure. When taking decisions regarding road infrastructure it have been affected for all these authorities. In the past decades, many decisions have not match and there are also big argument about these decisions. The Sri Lankan government should take necessary steps to establish one institution from gathering these all relevant institutions to provide a better transport services. 5. Policy implementation 5.1 A national policy regarding traffic signal The traffic signals will helps to improve traffic flow on roads. These steps would ensure less traffic congestion and traffic accidents compare with previous situation. 5.2 Private investment According to current situation in the country, government should think a national policy regarding private investment on the road infrastructure. Lack of finance situation in the government, this step will be helped to government to improve the road infrastructure in the country. 5.3 Reduce responsible institutions In present there are several institutions in regarding road transport. It would not be good to taking the decisions. In considering that, can be arrange these all institutions under one policy regarding the road transportation. 6. Conclusion The efficiency of Sri Lankas transport sector has blocked by a variety of constraints. Sri Lanka depends on foreign trade and it can be increased by efficient transport network in the country. Globalization of trade has risen not only from the liberalization of trade, but also from major advances in communications, transport, and storage technologies. On time delivery of products and passengers has become a result of good transportation network. For travel of people and transportation of factors of production, semi-finished goods, and manufactured products will require efficient transport services. After following effective and efficient policies regarding transportation network can be achieved a better transport network in the country.

Ken Wilber

The man who, for many years, has been acknowledged by colleagues as the leading theoretician of consciousness and transpersonal psychology, Ken Wilber, was born in 1948 in Oklahoma City, to two devoted parents. Wilber's intellect has been hailed as truly extraordinary in its penetrating, synthesizing, and discriminative capacities. His knowledge of psychology, philosophy, sociology, comparative religion, mysticism, anthropology, and even â€Å"hard† sciences such as biochemistry and physics is virtually encyclopedic, but, most importantly, he has personal experience with the states and levels of consciousness about which he writes.Although he certainly should not be viewed as only an intellectual, his affinity for the mental and spiritual realms, as opposed to the bodily and emotional realms, is clear. Likewise, although his passion is greater for transpersonal than prepersonal and personal stages of development, he has nonetheless consistently emphasized the dire need to reco gnize and embrace a full-spectrum view of consciousness and humanity's place therein.Life and Major WorksWilber grew up in Lincoln, Nebraska. His father was an air force officer. As a youth, he was absorbed in the world of natural sciences, biology, chemistry and mathematics. Referring to his late high-school and early college days, Wilber notes, â€Å"My mental youth was an idyll of precision and accuracy, a fortress of the clear and evident.† (Wilber 58) His encounter with the Tao-te-Ching changed everything: â€Å"It was as if I were being exposed, for the very first time, to an entirely new and drastically different world -a world beyond the sensical, a world outside of science, and therefore a world quite beyond myself.† (Wilber 58)From here on, the investigation of the world beyond the personal self yet accessible to human consciousness became a passion that involved not just Wilber's intellect but his entire being. Beginning in his early twenties and continuing to this day, he has taken up training in various contemplative practices such as Zen and Dzogchen (a form of Tibetan Buddhism) that would enable him to walk the terrain he charts in his writings.Wilber dropped out of graduate studies in biochemistry to devote himself fulltime to the pursuit of his research and writing about consciousness. His first major book, The Spectrum of Consciousness written in 1977, was a synthesis of Western psychological theories and therapies with Eastern spiritual disciplines. From this time onward, Wilber supported himself by his own writings, living outside of institutional affiliations and commitments, free to develop and express his own ideas, free to live a lifestyle of contemplation and writing. To balance mental and spiritual work with embodied living, he at times engaged in manual labor, such as working in gas stations (Wilber 88).Several books and over a hundred journal articles soon appeared. The Atman Project 1980 set forth a vastly expanded fr amework for human development from infancy to adulthood and beyond into transpersonal stages described by diverse contemplative disciplines. Up from Eden (1981b) presented a detailed map of the evolution of the human mind and consciousness within this framework. The popular No Boundary (1981a), explains Wilber's early ideas in a highly readable style, while some of his more technical works such as Eye to Eye: The Questfor the New Paradigm for the New Paradigm (1990a) discuss the epistemological bases of knowing in the various sciences and how these could be expanded to accommodate the fun spectrum of consciousness.Wilber's ideas, larger than life and expressed through a powerful and often sharply critical writing style, have left few readers neutral or indifferent. Over the years he has engaged in lively debates with people who have taken issue with his controversial ideas, including other prominent theorists in transpersonal psychology. Most of these debates were carried on in the pages of journals and in his most recent books. Few of his colleagues in transpersonal and consciousness studies have met him in person. To their chagrin, Wilber guards his privacy carefully and rarely makes an appearance in public.He initially accepted invitations to teach, lecture, and give interviews but then quickly pulled back from such activity, as he felt thrown off center by the attention and admiration from his audiences. Regarding this experience, Wilber said in an interview, â€Å"What you get are a lot of people telling you how great you are. Within a short time, you start believing them, and then you're headed for disaster. I simply did not feel competent to appear in public as a teacher† (Schwartz 186). Getting Wilber to agree even to an interview is not easy. Yet when he does give his time, he gives generously, and to his small circle of close friends. Wilber is known as a devoted friend who can be warm, charming, and funny (Schwartz 204).Wilber's first marriag e to his best friend Amy Wagner in 1972 lasted for nine years, after which they parted ways amicably. Two years later Wilber met and married Treya Killam. One week after the wedding, she was diagnosed with breast cancer. The next five years were spent battling a relentless cancer that eventually claimed her life. During those five years Wilber set aside most of his writing and devoted himself full-time to nurturing Treya and, eventually, to helping her to die. Grace and Grit (1991), which appeared two years after her death, provides a moving account of the emotional and spiritual struggles and transformations in both Wilber and Treya during those trying years.The long hiatus in Wilber's writing ended in 1995 with the publication of the first volume of a planned three-volume series, Sex, Ecology, and Spirituality: The Spirit of Evolution (SES) (1995b). This 800 page volume was soon followed by two shorter companion works, A Guide to Sex, Ecology, Spirituality (1995a) and A Brief Hist ory of Everything (1996). A new chapter had just begun in Wilber's writing career. Up to this point, the emphasis had been largely on the upward movement of evolution, but in SES the upward movement is balanced by the movement downward: Spirit ascending to higher unities is at the same time Spirit descending to embrace and integrate the manifold of phenomena. By Wilber's own estimation SES is his first mature work. It offers an integral vision that encompasses practically everything humans have ever sought to know or be.Wilber’s IdeasTranspersonal TheoryKen Wilber has been the most influential theorist in transpersonal psychology. Wilber's developmental model in The Atman Project has the advantage of meshing with developmental psychology and extending it to transpersonal growth. Wilber says that people move through three life stages: pre-personal, personal, and transpersonal growth. The pre-personal stage begins at birth, before a personality is developed.From birth to adoles cence the task is to build a personality. In the personal stage the individual's task is to use the personality in work, relationships, and mature life in the world. In the transpersonal stage, usually beginning in adult life, the person begins to move beyond the external world and explore the inner reaches of the self and spiritual realities. The ultimate purpose is to attain the state of oneness or unity with the consciousness of the universe. Wilber contends that the growth toward these levels of being is a natural movement of the self, an inward arc in contrast to the outward arc that relates to the external world.The Spectrum of DevelopmentDevelopment, for Wilber, extends from inanimate matter and primitive life forms through the developmental stages of human consciousness to its farthest reaches as manifested by the mystics and sages of various Eastern and Western spiritual traditions. The stages leading to mature adulthood are familiar enough. They have been charted by theori sts such as Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, Lawrence Kohlberg, and various psychoanalysts. Wilber draws especially from Piaget for the un-foldment of the cognitive and mental capacities and integrates these with the dynamic theories of object-relations psychoanalysis.Wilber identifies four transpersonal stages beyond mature adulthood: psychic, subtle, causal, and ultimate. Through these stages the sense of self or identity becomes more and more flexible and inclusive as self-centrism or narcissism continues to decrease, until at the highest stages of transpersonal development even the subtlest and most inclusive self-structurations are transcended in a sense of identity and connectedness that embraces all.At each stage things can go wrong, and so there is a spectrum of pathology corresponding to the spectrum of development all the way up to the highest transpersonal stages. Wilber discusses treatment modalities for each pathology and calls attention to the importance of correctly discern ing levels of pathology for example pre-personal or transpersonal so that appropriate treatment can be chosen. For example, he argues that meditation may not be suitable for borderline and other pre-personal pathologies, whereas for an existential depression or â€Å"dark night of the soul† that may occur in the lower transpersonal stages meditation may be a successful method of treatment.The charting of transpersonal development is undoubtedly Wilber's most controversial project. It implies that human development is open ended and that some individuals are â€Å"farther along† in development than other people, or that at any given time some people, and perhaps some cultures, have a more encompassing sense of self and a greater capacity for integrating the spectrum of consciousness than others. A number of cultural anthropologists, feminists, and ecophilosophers have criticized Wilber's theory in this regard. Certainly, the idea of development beyond â€Å"the average well-adjusted† is not new; it was celebrated in Maslow's notion of the self-actualizer. But in proposing developmental stages beyond self-actualization, Wilber is venturing into ever more rarified realms of human experience where the stakes are set high yet evidence is hard to come by.Nevertheless, it seems fair to say that Wilber's transpersonal stages have opened up the horizon far beyond anything conceived in Western scientific psychology. This horizon had been there all along, of course, and through the centuries it was explored by the mystics and seers whose anecdotal accounts, couched in religious symbolism and interpretations, only helped to shroud it in impenetrable mystery. For consciousness researchers, Wilber offers a greatly expanded paradigm of scientific inquiry. For those on a spiritual quest, he provides a map for the road.The Three Eyes of KnowingThe paradigm of consciousness research has been too narrowly modeled after the empirical sciences, argues Wilber. It can be significantly expanded once we realize that the eye of flesh, that is, our senses aided by laboratory instruments, is just one of the possible ways in which knowledge is gathered. We also have the eye of reason that understands the meaning of text, cultural symbols, and mathematical equations as well as the meaning of the data the eye of flesh observes. Beyond reason, says Wilber, there is the eye of contemplation that intuits directly the nature of reality and of the meanings deciphered by the eye of reason.The Pre/Trans FallacyAnother important concept of Wilber's that helps clear up misunderstandings regarding the transpersonal domain is what he calls the â€Å"pre/trans fallacy.† This is the failure to distinguish between primitive phenomena of early developmental stages, on the one hand, and insights and experiences that transcend the egoic mode of rational consciousness, on the other. Both types of phenomena are, in their own ways, â€Å"nonrational† an d â€Å"nonegoic,† and this is why they can appear similar or even identical. But phenomena of the first type are â€Å"prerational† or â€Å"preegoic,† whereas phenomena of the second type are â€Å"transrational† or â€Å"transegoic.†The pre/trans fallacy can occur in two ways. In the first, â€Å"trans† is reduced to â€Å"pre.† Freud's interpretation of the â€Å"oceanic feeling† associated with mystical experience as an irrational, regressive urge to return to the womb is a classic example of such a reduction. In general, the dismissal of all spiritual insights as regressive exemplifies the reductionist form of the pre/trans fallacy. In the second form of the fallacy, â€Å"pre† is elevated to â€Å"trans.† The elevationist form of the pre/trans fallacy is evident in the various ways in which prerational experience and modes of expression are promoted in the name of higher personal growth.Wilber's discussion of the pre/trans fallacy may well be one of his most useful practical contributions to the growing numbers of people searching for a spiritual path or engaging in some form of contemplative practice (Schwartz 260). Often the spiritual search masks primitive longings rooted in early developmental deprivations. On the other hand, sometimes an apparent psychotic break signals a major spiritual breakthrough. An insight into the pre/trans fallacy helps spiritual questers as well as therapists to be more discerning of the nature of the beast they are dealing with.Holism: Restoring Connectedness in the WorldIn his more recent writings, Wilber has articulated his philosophy of holism. To be truly holistic, the vision of a whole must include everything, including itself. But more important, it must integrate and connect all that it embraces. So the issue is not holism versus atomism, but fractured ness versus connectedness. Furthermore, the solution cannot be a matter of articulating the bes t and most holistic position, for this still leaves out the person proposing or accepting the position. Rather, what is required is a transformation of consciousness within the person, within all of us that shifts the viewpoint from the exterior increasingly to the interior and on to a superior view that is ever more inclusive and connected.Wilber has sounded a powerful call for us to awaken to the evolutionary process taking place within us, within the universe, not in some distant future but right now (Puhakka 152). This evolution is fundamentally open and creative and therefore, at every turn, incomplete and uncertain. We live in systems within systems, contexts within contexts, of indefinitely expanding structures of experiences, meanings, and relationships. These systems are constantly sliding and the contexts shifting, says Wilber.The vision of an open universe unfolding and enfolded upwards and downwards without end effectively removes all bases for certainty and completeness . For many people, the postmodern quicksand world spells despair and a sense of being lost in the ever-shifting contexts that claim power of determination over meaning and values and render human lives pointless and empty.The absolutizing of context is an unfortunate, even if unintended, legacy of much of postmodern thought. Wilber sees the emphasis on context as being appropriate but not going deep enough: We must recognize that the contexts themselves are shifting and evolving, along with everything else. The evolution, we are a part of excludes nothing, not even the contexts that bound our understanding and awareness. Evolution is the journey of the universe toward self-awareness, now through human consciousness that is becoming increasingly aware of its own contexts.ConclusionKen Wilber is a controversial figure among the late-twentieth-century thinkers on culture and consciousness. The evolution of consciousness is Wilber's main concern. He finds all of the major sciences, phil osophies, and spiritual traditions, both Eastern and Western, relevant to this concern, for they exemplify the process of evolution even as they shed light on it. The light is always partial, however, and how to fit the partial truths together is, for Wilber, the supreme puzzle. A superb synthesizer with ability to absorb and integrate large amounts of information across various disciplines, he sketches the contours of a panoramic vision of evolution as an unfolding of Spirit through matter, life, and mind.Works CitedEngler J. Therapeutic aims in psychotherapy and meditation: Developmental stages in the representation of self. Boston: Shambhala, 1986.Puhakka K. Restoring connectedness in the Kosmos: A healing tale of a deeper order. Humanistic Psychologist, 23 (1995): 373-391.Schwartz T. The full spectrum: Common Boundary. Los Angeles: Tarcher, 1995.Wilber K. The spectrum of consciousness. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books, 1977.Wilber K. The Atman project. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books. 1980.Wil ber K. No boundary. Boston: Shambhala, 1981.Wilber K. Odyssey. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 22(1) (1982): 57-90.Wilber K. A sociable God. New York: New Press, 1983.

Essay On Police Discretion - 1053 Words

Police Discretion is one of the many tool officers have a choice to use when making decision in enforcing the law. Officer have the option to use discretion were the officers see fit. They do not have to issue a citation or arrest in many cases a warning many be justified. Many of the outcomes could be determine by several factors which include the subjects attitude, the crime and the person past history. In some cases, a subject’s social status and financial status in the community have also have played a role in the in an officers desceane. But it is ultimately up to the officer to make the final call. Police discretion can be described as the officers free well to make decision based on the crime. The decision not invoke legal†¦show more content†¦But there are now way officers could legally enforce the law to the fullness because then everyone would be in violation of some law. The justice system could not sustain the work load. Some laws are out dated and There is not enough man power to sustain the work load. But officers are governed by law and imitative policy. In some cases, law is set up that an officer is limited to certain levels desecration can be utilize and the officer must take action. In the case of domestic violence. officers must separate the parties and if physical evidence is present the officer must arrest. Law enforcement agency have set up ethical standard that an officer must to abide by. The standard is supposed to a guide to protect the officer from fearless law suite, but in fact are set up to protect the agency. But many police officer has found ways to get around policies and guideless and stay within their boundaries. an efficient officer manages time resources and energy. Officer have limited resources in some department and rely on discretion to handle the situation. The length of time to arrest will take other call for service that demands police attention. Officer are supposed to handle a call in an effective manor discretion plays a huge part in that. Discretion could be utilized as an efficiency tool to manage the time of an officer on a call. mandatory arrest. Use of force Taser or death use of fire arms every situation isShow MoreRelatedPolice Discretion Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay a discussion will be explored about the benefits and problems associated with police use of discretion. Which current policing strategies have the most potential for controlling officer discretion and providing accountability, and which have the least, and why is that the case? And finally, how might these issues impact the various concerns facing law enforcement today? Police behavior is different across all communities. 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Marine Corps ( Usmc ) - 1740 Words

Would you quit working to obtain something you want if it was just â€Å"too hard†? If someone truly believes in a cause then they would give everything to achieve it right? Would you just like to blend in with the crowd or do you want to stick out? If one answered yes to any of the previous questions, then one wouldn’t have the characteristics of either a Navy SEAL or Marine. Answering no to all the questions may also not be enough to be either a SEAL or Marine. Not many people know this, but Navy SEALs undergo the most rigorous military training known to man. SEAL training is considered harder than any other nation’s special forces training. Likewise, the United States Marine Corps (USMC), the most revered branch of the military, also trains hard preparing future â€Å"Devil Dog’s† (motivational nickname for Marines) to defend our country starting with 12 strenuous weeks of boot camp. Both Marines and SEALs put their lives on the line to defend ou r way of life, but what makes them different? A better question might be what doesn’t make them different from each other. Many people may think that they both fight in combat, they both train for multiple months and they both are in the military, and each is trained to be a shooter first, so they must be similar. This is not the case. Both groups do have many similarities, but also plenty of differences in size, training, schooling, roots/history, requirements, uses in the past and strategies. Navy SEALs origins date back to the 1940s,Show MoreRelatedMarine Corps ( Usmc )1736 Words   |  7 Pagesof either a Navy SEAL or Marine. Answering no to all the questions may also not be enough to be either a SEAL or Marine. Not many people know this but Navy SEALs undergo the most rigorous military training known to man. SEAL training is considered harder than any other nation’s Special Forces training. Likewise, the United States Marine Corps (USMC), the most revered branch of the military, also trains hard preparing future â€Å"Devil Dog’s† (motivational nickname for Marines) to defend our country startingRead MoreUnited States Marine Corps ( Usmc ) Base Of Military Bases Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesbase is a United States Marine Corps (USMC) base called Camp Lejeune. Some of the other bases: Air Station New River (USMC), Camp Geiger (USMC), Air Station Cherry Point, smaller adjacent posts, and reserve stations (Google, n.d.). Every military personal th at separates from their given branch is required to turn in their individual issue gear. Camp Lejeune’s Consolidated Issue Facility (CIF) states â€Å"Dirty, cracked, missing or broken gear is the last thing on the mind of a Marine returning from Iraq†Read MoreFirst to Fight1840 Words   |  8 Pagesto Fight Really that Good of a Book†¦ Air War College 2 September 2009 By Michael E. Cordero LtCol USMC First to Fight! General Al Gray, the 29th Commandant of the Marine Corps (CMC) placed the book First to Fight (FtF) written by Lieutenant General (LtGen) Victor Krulak, on the first Service reading list established in 1988.2 General James Conway, the 34th and current CMC mandated in an All Marine (ALMAR) message 2 during May 2007 that all Devil Dogs would read the book FtF and discuss itsRead MoreThe United States Marine Corp1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States Marine Corp (USMC) was founded in 1775 during The Revolutionary War. From it’s inception, the ranks of the USMC were filled exclusively by males. Over 143 years later, in 1918, women were finally allowed to enlist. At first, women couldn’t participate in combat and were restricted to a limited number of jobs. As was common at the time, they were not respected by their male counterparts. It took several decades for women to gain respect and to be a allowed the full spectrum of opportunitiesRead MoreLieutenant General Lewis B.1750 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Chesty† Puller is a name that every marine knows for his heroic actions and his legacy left upon the Corps. This man was and is still the most decorated Marine and is by far the greatest Marine to ever live, leading through countless engagements from the beaches of Peleliu Island to the Chosin Reservoir in North Korea. He also brought an indistinguishable honor upon the United States by showing the world what a fierce force the USMC (United States Marine Corps) can be through his numerous years fightingRead MoreTattoos And Its Impact On Society Essay955 Words   |  4 Pagesthe body, to the offensive kind of tattoos; restrictions are absolutely necessary. Some feel as if the Marine Corps shouldn’t have any tattoo restrictions. But I strongly disagree. This Organization has been built on so many great principles, like our Corps Values: â€Å"Honor, Courage, and Commitment.† Then we have our official United States Marine Corps (USMC) slogan: â€Å"The Few, The Proud, The Marines†. We have a reputation for being a professional, disciplined fighting force. Granted, society will alwaysRead MoreThe Marine Corp1504 Words   |  7 PagesGeneral James Amos, Commandant of the Marine Corp, defines and delivers the long term strategic strategy for the United Stated Marine Corps (USMC) in Expeditionary Force 21 (EF 21) dated 4 March 2014. The premise of the document is simple. It is his vision for the future Corps, and of how the USMC must build, shape, reorganize, in order to, as General Amos puts it, be â€Å"the right force in the right place and the right time†. This vision is addressed through the succinct and logical way ahead. Read MoreTattoos And Its Impact On Society Essay962 Words   |  4 Pagesthe vulgar and offensive kind of tattoos; restrictions are absolutely necessary. Some feel as if the Marine Corps shouldn’t have any tattoo restrictions. But I strongly disagree. This Organization has been built on so many great principles, like our Corps Values: â€Å"Honor, Courage, and Commitment.† Then we have our official United States Marine Corps (USMC) slogan: â€Å"The Few, The Proud, The Marines†. We have a reputation for being a professional and disciplin ed fighting force. Granted, society hasRead MoreBattle of Guadalcanal 721 Words   |  3 PagesPacific. The United States Marine Corps (USMC) was entirely focused in the Pacific, however. The USMC was the smallest service, by personnel, in the United States military. By 1942, there were about 120,000 active members in the USMC (Andrews). While America was commited to the â€Å"Europe First† strategy, they could not let the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor go unpunished. The USMC was left to bear the majority of the hardships in the Pacific. Former Marine Sid Phillips recalled wantingRead MoreThe First Amendment Of The United States Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesthat I believe there should be restrictions on what and where a tattoo is placed. Some feel as if the Marine Corps shouldn’t have any tattoo restrictions. But I strongly disagree. This Organization has been built on so many great principles, like our Corps Values: â€Å"Honor, Courage, and Comm itment.† Then we have our official United States Marine Corps (USMC) slogan: â€Å"The Few, The Proud, The Marines†. We have a reputation for being a professional, disciplined fighting force. Granted, society will always

Hamlet is not Insane in Shakespeares Halmet Essay

Alas hes mad (3:4:108) How far do you agree with the statement that Hamlet is mad? A great controversial talking point of the play Hamlet is whether he was mad or in fact making people think he was mad. I disagree with Gertrudes statement that Hamlet is mad. I ask you what the definition of madness, the relatively permanent disorder of the mind, a state of mind characterized by the inability to distinguish right from wrong. Indeed Hamlet only acts mad in front of certain people such as his mother, Polonius, Ophelia, Claudius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern who he knows are spying on him. I think Hamlet by using his mad faà §ade hides his real intentions and motivations from his enemies and people that will give away information,†¦show more content†¦(3: 176-180) Claudius says that Hamlets emotions are not from affection. What he does is not insane, it has a higher reason. Hamlet knows something is going on and that he is going to find it out although he does find this out in very unethical terms. Part of his way to hide his motives is by acting mad so he can set about his plan undeterred. With reference to ?There?s something in his soul.? In Hamlet people make many referenc es to his soul, ?Thy devil take thy soul!? maybe hinting that the problem with Hamlet is not insanity but his soul contains the problem. This could possibly fit into the description of the black bile that the Elizabethans believed needed to be bled out in order to make the person saner. The Elizabethans believed that some mentally disabled people were possessed and that madness has a close relationship with god reflecting in the use of Hamlets soul. If Hamlet were truly mad then he would not delay so much throughout the play for a mad man is unable to distinguish right from wrong. Does a mad man have a conscience? When Hamlet is stood after the play waiting to kill Claudius, even though full of rage and hatred he sees Claudius praying and that delays him killing him. This shows Hamlet having a conscience if his mind was unstable surely his actions would have reflected differently. ?They are not near my conscience.? At the beginning of the play a group of people see the ghost but when the ghost

The Word of God Free Essays

We should read and study the Bible because it is totally reliable and without error. oThe Old Testament writers claimed many times they were speaking the word of God. Isaiah 1:2 â€Å"Hear, O heavens, and give ear, O earth; for the Lord has spoken: â€Å"Children have I reared and brought up, but they have rebelled against me. We will write a custom essay sample on The Word of God or any similar topic only for you Order Now † oThe New Testament writers confirmed the Old Testament was God speaking. Hebrews 4:12 â€Å"For the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul and of spirit, of joints and of marrow, and discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart. oThroughout the Bible, God warns not to add, to take away from His Word. Rev. 22:18-19 â€Å"I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if anyone adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book, [19] and if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city, which are described in this book. † oJesus in His sayings confirmed the Old Testament as being without error. Luke 24:44 â€Å"These are my words that I spoke to you while I was still with you, that everything written about me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled. † oThose involved in science say the Bible is not accurate, but every time science tries to disprove the Bible, it ends up proving it. The Bible has never changed over the thousands of years since it was written. The Bible is authoritative and can be trusted as such. No piece of literature even approaching its age comes close to having the supportive textual evidence indicating authenticity that the Bible has. It is simply the most reliable text in existence. We should read and study the Bible because there is so much false teaching. The Bible gives us the measuring stick by which we can distinguish truth from error. Amos 7:8 â€Å"And the Lord said to me, â€Å"Amos, what do you see? † And I said, â€Å"A plumb line. † Then the Lord said, â€Å"Behold, I am setting a plumb line in the midst of my people Israel; I will never again pass by them;† All Christians should study the Bible each day. Psalm 119:15 â€Å"I will meditate on your precepts and fix my eyes on your ways. Psalm 1:1-3 â€Å"Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the wicked, nor stands in the way of sinners, nor sits in the seat of scoffers; [2] but his delight is in the law of the Lord, and on his law he meditates day and night. [3] He is like a tree planted by streams of water that yields its fruit in its season, and its leaf does not wither. In all that he does, he prospers. † Th e best time to study is in the morning because the Bible refers frequently to things being done early in the morning. Isaiah 50:4 â€Å"The Lord God has given me the tongue of those who are taught, that I may know how to sustain with a word him who is weary. Morning by morning He awakens; He awakens my ear to hear as those who are taught. † It is highly recommended that two Bibles be used. One is the main Bible and the other is a study Bible with full notes. The Bible should not be read as a textbook but as the word of God. Before even opening the Bible to read, it is best to ask the LORD to reveal something fresh that will help in one’s daily walk. The different approaches to reading the Bible are: oHearing oReading oWriting oStudying oMeditating oMemorizing. oApplication The following study aids will also be necessary to help understand the Bible: oA concordance (Young’s, Strong or Cruden’s) A Bible dictionary oA commentary on the Bible oVines Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words oA good English dictionary oA notebook to record impressions oA Bible marker to highlight certain passages that make a special impression The Bible can be read through from beginning to end or a daily program followed where both Old and New Testament portions are read each day until the whole Bible is read. But keep in mind that the goal is not to get through the Bible as quickly as possible but rather to absorb it as the word of God. For centuries the Bible has been a fixed point of reference and no matter how far society and individuals have strayed, the Bible has served as a guide for human conduct, a moral framework producing a sense of right and wrong, a source of truth, an inspiration for the arts, music, literature and a beacon for personal behavior. Philip. 4:8-9 â€Å"Finally, brothers, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is just, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is commendable, if there is any excellence, if there is anything worthy of praise, think about these things. 9] What you have learned and received and heard and seen in me—practice these things, and the God of peace will be with you† Bible meditation Meditation means pondering by talking to oneself, musing, thinking, or reflection. It involves allowing the mind to become saturated with God’s words. Meditation involves the heart; memorization involves the mind. Bible meditation contains the secret t o happiness, fruitfulness, freshness, progress, prosperity, success and victory over enemies. 1 Tim. 4:15 â€Å"Practice these things; devote yourself to them, so that all may see your progress. Some ways to meditate are: oMemorize a section of the Bible oQuote the section (verse) to the Lord as a personal prayer oRepeat the section several times each time, emphasize a different word oVisualize the significance of each word as far as you can oRepeat the section and ponder on the full meaning of each word oRest – let the words grow in your mind, will and emotions. oUse section to talk with God oPonder each word for personal application oExpect God to bring this section to your mind for decisions and show you ew insights from it. The Bible equips us to serve God. Ephesians 4:11-13 â€Å"And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers; (12) For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ: (13) Till we all come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ† Memorizing Bible verses is important – more important than many people realize. It is not to score well with God and others, but to help disciples become more equipped for ministry. John 14:26 â€Å"But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in My name, He will teach you all things and bring to your remembrance all that I have said to you. † Jesus subdued the enemy at the temptation simply by quoting verses He had memorized from Deuteronomy. Jesus demonstrates both the importance and effectiveness of knowing and applying Scripture to combat temptation. (Matthew 4:1-7) How to cite The Word of God, Papers

Cryonics Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Cryonicss Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; From the clip they # 8217 ; rhenium Born, human existences are driven by an impulse to take things apart and set them back together. A little group of rebel scientists have decided to take this procedure one measure further. Their undertaking, called cryonics, aims to take apart and reassemble the universe # 8217 ; s most complicated machine: the human organic structure ( Epstein 16 ) . # 8221 ; Cryonicss is the pattern of stop deading human organic structures in the hope that one twenty-four hours, it is possible to resuscitate these people and reconstruct them back to wellness. Although this thought may look unusual and impracticable at first, cryonics is however practiced today by several groups of quite rational people in the United States ( Harris 20 ) . Through stop deading and/or desiccation, the life maps of certain populating beings can be halted by being put into full suspended life. Subsequently, the being can be revived at the scientist # 8217 ; s leisure ( Tompkins 1B ) . Many different cells and tissues can be frozen in liquid N at about absolute nothing ( Settles ) . # 8220 ; In the frozen province, there is no metamorphosis ; the machine has stopped, life has stopped. # 8221 ; Recently, it has been demonstrated that certain tissues can even be lyophilized without harm and stored at room temperature on a shelf ( Harris 21 ) . And every bit astonishing as it might look, the machine can be made to populate and work to the full once more ; a figure of healthy babes have been born in recent old ages which developed from embryos that at one clip had been frozen to the point of holding no metamorphosis at all ( Harris 21 ) . Even old ages back, scientists refused to believe that decease was adult male # 8217 ; s concluding frontier. In 1964, college professor Robert Ettinger, who besides had his female parent frozen, wrote The Prospect of Immortality. His book suggested that people could be frozen in # 8220 ; suspended decease # 8221 ; until medical engineering could bring around what had killed them and # 8220 ; take a breath new life into their organic structures ( Epstein 16 ) . # 8221 ; Ettinger argued that cryogenies and medical engineering were presently advanced plenty to make the stop deading portion of the cryonics saving process, and that the ability to make this comparatively simple process was all that was required to do cryonics practical now. # 8220 ; We could get down instantly # 8221 ; , said Ettinger, # 8220 ; and allow the truly hard portion, dissolving and resurgence, be taken attention of by more knowing people subsequently [ on in clip ] ( Harris 21 ) . # 8221 ; After a individual is declared clinically dead and is lawfully certified to be frozen, a suspension squad prepares the organic structure for a big Dewar flask. Normally, a individual deceasing in the infirmary will already hold an intra-venous line in them which is used by the suspension squad to administrate about 20 different sorts of medicine ( Morgan 51 ) . First Heparin is given to forestall blood coagulums. Potassium chloride, Phenobarbital, or some other similar sort of chemical is used to deject the encephalon metamorphosis so that the cells can remain alive but in a less active province. Other chemicals are besides given to maintain the sourness degree changeless and to cut down encephalon force per unit area ( Tompkins 1C ) . Calcium channel blockers to forestall Ca from going into the cells and get downing a figure of chemical reactions that typically do a batch of encephalon harm are besides dispensed ( Morgan 51 ) . The drugs are so followed by manual CPR and so finally with a heart-lung resuscitator ( Morgan 52 ) . A femoral beltway is so conducted at a proper installation. The femoral arteria and the vena in the leg are opened and hooked up to a pump. The full vascular system of the patient is so flushed ( Morgan 53 ) . The blood is washed out wholly and replaced with the same solution DuPont makes to blush Black Marias and kidneys for grafts. # 8220 ; That solution can maintain variety meats alive sometimes every bit long as 20 four hours in a cool phase ( Morgan 53 ) . # 8221 ; All of the encephalon cells at that point are besides protected. # 8220 ; Because the fluids given are normally pre-chilled, the patient is being cooled even more quickly down to two or three grades above freezing. # 8221 ; At that point, the circuit is closed away, the patient is covered in ice, and so transported to where the following set of processs will take topographic point ( Morgan 53 ) . Freezing harm is usually caused by H2O turning into ice. Contrary to most liquids and their solid counter-parts, H2O expands when it turns into ice, organizing crystals. Because of the saline ( salt ) content, the H2O is harder to stop dead doing the ice to organize mediate the cells, non in the cells. When the H2O starts freeze, it expands and crushes the cells jabing holes, hence taking to more harm because of extra unstable elimination. This is why 70 per centum of the H2O in the patient is replaced by glycerin which prevents a batch of this harm. Glycerol does non spread out when it freezes, so the more glycerin that is injected, the better. Glycerol is besides used normally to stop dead sperm and human embryos ( Morgan 54 ) . R / gt ; After the replacing with glycerin is complete, the patient is placed in a bath of silicone oil. # 8220 ; The patient is so placed in a particular armored combat vehicle wrapped in a sleeping bag and in an aluminium cod for protection. # 8221 ; Over several yearss, utilizing liquid N, the patient is dropped down to minus one-hundred and 90 six ( -196 ) degrees Celsius. # 8220 ; At that point they are placed in a particular chromium steel steel armored combat vehicle, vacuum insulated like a thermos, and held at that temperature until scientific discipline can [ one twenty-four hours, in the far future, successfully ] revive these patients ( Morgan 55 ) . # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Success with hamsters and monkeys is conveying the thought to new degrees. Can people populate everlastingly? Cryonicists think so ( Epstein 18 ) . # 8221 ; Enough grounds has been collected to show that cryonics has contributed to research, organ saving, and bloodless surgery ( Epstein 18 ) . The American Cryonics Society of Stockton, California, the Alcor Life Extension Foundation of Riverside, California, and the Cryonics Institute of Oak Park, Michigan, are the major organisations that freeze people in the United States ( Epstein 19 ) . There are about 21 people in cryonic suspension, with about two-hundred and 50 others waiting for their death to undergo the process ( Epstein 19 ) . Many obvious obstructors and contentions are traveling to get with this new method of saving. # 8220 ; When extremist extensions of the human life span become possible, will we desire them? Should we hold them ( Harris 24 ) ? # 8221 ; Cryonicists assume that a society in the hereafter will be rich plenty to afford historically interesting luxuries like freshly thawed people. # 8220 ; A farther premise is that the passage of the present civilization to such an flush hereafter society will be smooth, without any important societal or economic upheavals. # 8221 ; And what about other problems? Long before the clip when frozen people can be revived, humanity will hold found it necessary to badly command its birth rate. Is it likely that a society that could no longer welcome new babes will desire to revive people who have already had full lives and now are dead ( Harris 22 ) ? There are besides the economic adversities that will attach to this engineering: several hundred dollars a twelvemonth in rank fees while one is alive, plus the cost of keeping an excess $ 35,000 to $ 150,000 life-insurance policy. # 8220 ; The American Cryonics Society, which has seven frozen and one-hundred and 14 signed up, by and large offers whole-body suspension for $ 125,000 and will continue merely the caput, a process called neuropreservation, for $ 50,000 ( Epstein 19 ) . # 8221 ; Dr. Philip Marden MD, had his male parent buried in the permafrost part of Canada because he could non afford the cryonics process ( Epstein 19 ) . There is besides the societal loss of the cryonics fund money, which would otherwise be available to dependent organisations such as charities and third-world states. Third, there is besides the ever of import job of what the society will believe. # 8220 ; Here there is a existent possibility of loss of regard from about everyone: Religious common people are likely to see cryonics as a kind of mortuarial Tower of Babel and there might even be loss of regard from socially witting deists once more because that money could hold gone to Ethiopia or CODESH ( Harris 24 ) . # 8221 ; On the impudent side, there are possible additions from engagement in cryonics that are independent of whether the technique works or non. Chief among these is that cryonics provides a certain sum of comfort for the spiritual disbeliever. Some of the sting and daze of a household decease can be removed if there remains a opportunity that the decease is non lasting. # 8220 ; Of class, the faultfinder will notice that stop deading a cadaver is much like seting leftover nutrient in the icebox because one can non digest the waste implied in throwing it off instantly. Even if the nutrient is neer reheated, it is easier to fling if done in two separate stairss. And so it is, possibly, with a dead loved-one ( Harris 25 ) . # 8221 ; # 8220 ; For 1000s of old ages, world has been conditioned to accept decease, # 8221 ; said Ettinger, # 8220 ; I grew up anticipating that one twenty-four hours old age would be preventable and reversible ( Epstein 17 ) . # 8221 ; I guess his verisimilitude, along with the dreams and wants of many optimists with wild yet evidently antic imaginativenesss, is being pressed to finally come true. 50c Epstein, Miles. # 8220 ; The Big Chill. # 8221 ; American Legion Magazine. September, 1990: 16+ . Harris, Steven B. # 8220 ; Many Are Cold but Few Are Frozen: A Humanist Looks at Cryonics. # 8221 ; Free Inquiry. Spring 1989: 19-24. Morgan, Jas. # 8220 ; Souls on Ice. # 8221 ; Mondo 2000. Spring / Summer 1995: 50+ . Settles, Gary S. # 8220 ; Cryogenics. # 8221 ; The 1995 Groiler Multimedia Encyclopedia. Tompkins, Wayne. # 8220 ; Mummification Program Revives Ancient Option for Afterlife. # 8221 ; NEWS. February 4, 1990: 1A-1E. ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;