Hamlet is not Insane in Shakespeares Halmet Essay

Alas hes mad (3:4:108) How far do you agree with the statement that Hamlet is mad? A great controversial talking point of the play Hamlet is whether he was mad or in fact making people think he was mad. I disagree with Gertrudes statement that Hamlet is mad. I ask you what the definition of madness, the relatively permanent disorder of the mind, a state of mind characterized by the inability to distinguish right from wrong. Indeed Hamlet only acts mad in front of certain people such as his mother, Polonius, Ophelia, Claudius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern who he knows are spying on him. I think Hamlet by using his mad faà §ade hides his real intentions and motivations from his enemies and people that will give away information,†¦show more content†¦(3: 176-180) Claudius says that Hamlets emotions are not from affection. What he does is not insane, it has a higher reason. Hamlet knows something is going on and that he is going to find it out although he does find this out in very unethical terms. Part of his way to hide his motives is by acting mad so he can set about his plan undeterred. With reference to ?There?s something in his soul.? In Hamlet people make many referenc es to his soul, ?Thy devil take thy soul!? maybe hinting that the problem with Hamlet is not insanity but his soul contains the problem. This could possibly fit into the description of the black bile that the Elizabethans believed needed to be bled out in order to make the person saner. The Elizabethans believed that some mentally disabled people were possessed and that madness has a close relationship with god reflecting in the use of Hamlets soul. If Hamlet were truly mad then he would not delay so much throughout the play for a mad man is unable to distinguish right from wrong. Does a mad man have a conscience? When Hamlet is stood after the play waiting to kill Claudius, even though full of rage and hatred he sees Claudius praying and that delays him killing him. This shows Hamlet having a conscience if his mind was unstable surely his actions would have reflected differently. ?They are not near my conscience.? At the beginning of the play a group of people see the ghost but when the ghost

The Word of God Free Essays

We should read and study the Bible because it is totally reliable and without error. oThe Old Testament writers claimed many times they were speaking the word of God. Isaiah 1:2 â€Å"Hear, O heavens, and give ear, O earth; for the Lord has spoken: â€Å"Children have I reared and brought up, but they have rebelled against me. We will write a custom essay sample on The Word of God or any similar topic only for you Order Now † oThe New Testament writers confirmed the Old Testament was God speaking. Hebrews 4:12 â€Å"For the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul and of spirit, of joints and of marrow, and discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart. oThroughout the Bible, God warns not to add, to take away from His Word. Rev. 22:18-19 â€Å"I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if anyone adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book, [19] and if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city, which are described in this book. † oJesus in His sayings confirmed the Old Testament as being without error. Luke 24:44 â€Å"These are my words that I spoke to you while I was still with you, that everything written about me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled. † oThose involved in science say the Bible is not accurate, but every time science tries to disprove the Bible, it ends up proving it. The Bible has never changed over the thousands of years since it was written. The Bible is authoritative and can be trusted as such. No piece of literature even approaching its age comes close to having the supportive textual evidence indicating authenticity that the Bible has. It is simply the most reliable text in existence. We should read and study the Bible because there is so much false teaching. The Bible gives us the measuring stick by which we can distinguish truth from error. Amos 7:8 â€Å"And the Lord said to me, â€Å"Amos, what do you see? † And I said, â€Å"A plumb line. † Then the Lord said, â€Å"Behold, I am setting a plumb line in the midst of my people Israel; I will never again pass by them;† All Christians should study the Bible each day. Psalm 119:15 â€Å"I will meditate on your precepts and fix my eyes on your ways. Psalm 1:1-3 â€Å"Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the wicked, nor stands in the way of sinners, nor sits in the seat of scoffers; [2] but his delight is in the law of the Lord, and on his law he meditates day and night. [3] He is like a tree planted by streams of water that yields its fruit in its season, and its leaf does not wither. In all that he does, he prospers. † Th e best time to study is in the morning because the Bible refers frequently to things being done early in the morning. Isaiah 50:4 â€Å"The Lord God has given me the tongue of those who are taught, that I may know how to sustain with a word him who is weary. Morning by morning He awakens; He awakens my ear to hear as those who are taught. † It is highly recommended that two Bibles be used. One is the main Bible and the other is a study Bible with full notes. The Bible should not be read as a textbook but as the word of God. Before even opening the Bible to read, it is best to ask the LORD to reveal something fresh that will help in one’s daily walk. The different approaches to reading the Bible are: oHearing oReading oWriting oStudying oMeditating oMemorizing. oApplication The following study aids will also be necessary to help understand the Bible: oA concordance (Young’s, Strong or Cruden’s) A Bible dictionary oA commentary on the Bible oVines Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words oA good English dictionary oA notebook to record impressions oA Bible marker to highlight certain passages that make a special impression The Bible can be read through from beginning to end or a daily program followed where both Old and New Testament portions are read each day until the whole Bible is read. But keep in mind that the goal is not to get through the Bible as quickly as possible but rather to absorb it as the word of God. For centuries the Bible has been a fixed point of reference and no matter how far society and individuals have strayed, the Bible has served as a guide for human conduct, a moral framework producing a sense of right and wrong, a source of truth, an inspiration for the arts, music, literature and a beacon for personal behavior. Philip. 4:8-9 â€Å"Finally, brothers, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is just, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is commendable, if there is any excellence, if there is anything worthy of praise, think about these things. 9] What you have learned and received and heard and seen in me—practice these things, and the God of peace will be with you† Bible meditation Meditation means pondering by talking to oneself, musing, thinking, or reflection. It involves allowing the mind to become saturated with God’s words. Meditation involves the heart; memorization involves the mind. Bible meditation contains the secret t o happiness, fruitfulness, freshness, progress, prosperity, success and victory over enemies. 1 Tim. 4:15 â€Å"Practice these things; devote yourself to them, so that all may see your progress. Some ways to meditate are: oMemorize a section of the Bible oQuote the section (verse) to the Lord as a personal prayer oRepeat the section several times each time, emphasize a different word oVisualize the significance of each word as far as you can oRepeat the section and ponder on the full meaning of each word oRest – let the words grow in your mind, will and emotions. oUse section to talk with God oPonder each word for personal application oExpect God to bring this section to your mind for decisions and show you ew insights from it. The Bible equips us to serve God. Ephesians 4:11-13 â€Å"And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers; (12) For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ: (13) Till we all come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ† Memorizing Bible verses is important – more important than many people realize. It is not to score well with God and others, but to help disciples become more equipped for ministry. John 14:26 â€Å"But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in My name, He will teach you all things and bring to your remembrance all that I have said to you. † Jesus subdued the enemy at the temptation simply by quoting verses He had memorized from Deuteronomy. Jesus demonstrates both the importance and effectiveness of knowing and applying Scripture to combat temptation. (Matthew 4:1-7) How to cite The Word of God, Papers

Cryonics Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Cryonicss Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; From the clip they # 8217 ; rhenium Born, human existences are driven by an impulse to take things apart and set them back together. A little group of rebel scientists have decided to take this procedure one measure further. Their undertaking, called cryonics, aims to take apart and reassemble the universe # 8217 ; s most complicated machine: the human organic structure ( Epstein 16 ) . # 8221 ; Cryonicss is the pattern of stop deading human organic structures in the hope that one twenty-four hours, it is possible to resuscitate these people and reconstruct them back to wellness. Although this thought may look unusual and impracticable at first, cryonics is however practiced today by several groups of quite rational people in the United States ( Harris 20 ) . Through stop deading and/or desiccation, the life maps of certain populating beings can be halted by being put into full suspended life. Subsequently, the being can be revived at the scientist # 8217 ; s leisure ( Tompkins 1B ) . Many different cells and tissues can be frozen in liquid N at about absolute nothing ( Settles ) . # 8220 ; In the frozen province, there is no metamorphosis ; the machine has stopped, life has stopped. # 8221 ; Recently, it has been demonstrated that certain tissues can even be lyophilized without harm and stored at room temperature on a shelf ( Harris 21 ) . And every bit astonishing as it might look, the machine can be made to populate and work to the full once more ; a figure of healthy babes have been born in recent old ages which developed from embryos that at one clip had been frozen to the point of holding no metamorphosis at all ( Harris 21 ) . Even old ages back, scientists refused to believe that decease was adult male # 8217 ; s concluding frontier. In 1964, college professor Robert Ettinger, who besides had his female parent frozen, wrote The Prospect of Immortality. His book suggested that people could be frozen in # 8220 ; suspended decease # 8221 ; until medical engineering could bring around what had killed them and # 8220 ; take a breath new life into their organic structures ( Epstein 16 ) . # 8221 ; Ettinger argued that cryogenies and medical engineering were presently advanced plenty to make the stop deading portion of the cryonics saving process, and that the ability to make this comparatively simple process was all that was required to do cryonics practical now. # 8220 ; We could get down instantly # 8221 ; , said Ettinger, # 8220 ; and allow the truly hard portion, dissolving and resurgence, be taken attention of by more knowing people subsequently [ on in clip ] ( Harris 21 ) . # 8221 ; After a individual is declared clinically dead and is lawfully certified to be frozen, a suspension squad prepares the organic structure for a big Dewar flask. Normally, a individual deceasing in the infirmary will already hold an intra-venous line in them which is used by the suspension squad to administrate about 20 different sorts of medicine ( Morgan 51 ) . First Heparin is given to forestall blood coagulums. Potassium chloride, Phenobarbital, or some other similar sort of chemical is used to deject the encephalon metamorphosis so that the cells can remain alive but in a less active province. Other chemicals are besides given to maintain the sourness degree changeless and to cut down encephalon force per unit area ( Tompkins 1C ) . Calcium channel blockers to forestall Ca from going into the cells and get downing a figure of chemical reactions that typically do a batch of encephalon harm are besides dispensed ( Morgan 51 ) . The drugs are so followed by manual CPR and so finally with a heart-lung resuscitator ( Morgan 52 ) . A femoral beltway is so conducted at a proper installation. The femoral arteria and the vena in the leg are opened and hooked up to a pump. The full vascular system of the patient is so flushed ( Morgan 53 ) . The blood is washed out wholly and replaced with the same solution DuPont makes to blush Black Marias and kidneys for grafts. # 8220 ; That solution can maintain variety meats alive sometimes every bit long as 20 four hours in a cool phase ( Morgan 53 ) . # 8221 ; All of the encephalon cells at that point are besides protected. # 8220 ; Because the fluids given are normally pre-chilled, the patient is being cooled even more quickly down to two or three grades above freezing. # 8221 ; At that point, the circuit is closed away, the patient is covered in ice, and so transported to where the following set of processs will take topographic point ( Morgan 53 ) . Freezing harm is usually caused by H2O turning into ice. Contrary to most liquids and their solid counter-parts, H2O expands when it turns into ice, organizing crystals. Because of the saline ( salt ) content, the H2O is harder to stop dead doing the ice to organize mediate the cells, non in the cells. When the H2O starts freeze, it expands and crushes the cells jabing holes, hence taking to more harm because of extra unstable elimination. This is why 70 per centum of the H2O in the patient is replaced by glycerin which prevents a batch of this harm. Glycerol does non spread out when it freezes, so the more glycerin that is injected, the better. Glycerol is besides used normally to stop dead sperm and human embryos ( Morgan 54 ) . R / gt ; After the replacing with glycerin is complete, the patient is placed in a bath of silicone oil. # 8220 ; The patient is so placed in a particular armored combat vehicle wrapped in a sleeping bag and in an aluminium cod for protection. # 8221 ; Over several yearss, utilizing liquid N, the patient is dropped down to minus one-hundred and 90 six ( -196 ) degrees Celsius. # 8220 ; At that point they are placed in a particular chromium steel steel armored combat vehicle, vacuum insulated like a thermos, and held at that temperature until scientific discipline can [ one twenty-four hours, in the far future, successfully ] revive these patients ( Morgan 55 ) . # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Success with hamsters and monkeys is conveying the thought to new degrees. Can people populate everlastingly? Cryonicists think so ( Epstein 18 ) . # 8221 ; Enough grounds has been collected to show that cryonics has contributed to research, organ saving, and bloodless surgery ( Epstein 18 ) . The American Cryonics Society of Stockton, California, the Alcor Life Extension Foundation of Riverside, California, and the Cryonics Institute of Oak Park, Michigan, are the major organisations that freeze people in the United States ( Epstein 19 ) . There are about 21 people in cryonic suspension, with about two-hundred and 50 others waiting for their death to undergo the process ( Epstein 19 ) . Many obvious obstructors and contentions are traveling to get with this new method of saving. # 8220 ; When extremist extensions of the human life span become possible, will we desire them? Should we hold them ( Harris 24 ) ? # 8221 ; Cryonicists assume that a society in the hereafter will be rich plenty to afford historically interesting luxuries like freshly thawed people. # 8220 ; A farther premise is that the passage of the present civilization to such an flush hereafter society will be smooth, without any important societal or economic upheavals. # 8221 ; And what about other problems? Long before the clip when frozen people can be revived, humanity will hold found it necessary to badly command its birth rate. Is it likely that a society that could no longer welcome new babes will desire to revive people who have already had full lives and now are dead ( Harris 22 ) ? There are besides the economic adversities that will attach to this engineering: several hundred dollars a twelvemonth in rank fees while one is alive, plus the cost of keeping an excess $ 35,000 to $ 150,000 life-insurance policy. # 8220 ; The American Cryonics Society, which has seven frozen and one-hundred and 14 signed up, by and large offers whole-body suspension for $ 125,000 and will continue merely the caput, a process called neuropreservation, for $ 50,000 ( Epstein 19 ) . # 8221 ; Dr. Philip Marden MD, had his male parent buried in the permafrost part of Canada because he could non afford the cryonics process ( Epstein 19 ) . There is besides the societal loss of the cryonics fund money, which would otherwise be available to dependent organisations such as charities and third-world states. Third, there is besides the ever of import job of what the society will believe. # 8220 ; Here there is a existent possibility of loss of regard from about everyone: Religious common people are likely to see cryonics as a kind of mortuarial Tower of Babel and there might even be loss of regard from socially witting deists once more because that money could hold gone to Ethiopia or CODESH ( Harris 24 ) . # 8221 ; On the impudent side, there are possible additions from engagement in cryonics that are independent of whether the technique works or non. Chief among these is that cryonics provides a certain sum of comfort for the spiritual disbeliever. Some of the sting and daze of a household decease can be removed if there remains a opportunity that the decease is non lasting. # 8220 ; Of class, the faultfinder will notice that stop deading a cadaver is much like seting leftover nutrient in the icebox because one can non digest the waste implied in throwing it off instantly. Even if the nutrient is neer reheated, it is easier to fling if done in two separate stairss. And so it is, possibly, with a dead loved-one ( Harris 25 ) . # 8221 ; # 8220 ; For 1000s of old ages, world has been conditioned to accept decease, # 8221 ; said Ettinger, # 8220 ; I grew up anticipating that one twenty-four hours old age would be preventable and reversible ( Epstein 17 ) . # 8221 ; I guess his verisimilitude, along with the dreams and wants of many optimists with wild yet evidently antic imaginativenesss, is being pressed to finally come true. 50c Epstein, Miles. # 8220 ; The Big Chill. # 8221 ; American Legion Magazine. September, 1990: 16+ . Harris, Steven B. # 8220 ; Many Are Cold but Few Are Frozen: A Humanist Looks at Cryonics. # 8221 ; Free Inquiry. Spring 1989: 19-24. Morgan, Jas. # 8220 ; Souls on Ice. # 8221 ; Mondo 2000. Spring / Summer 1995: 50+ . Settles, Gary S. # 8220 ; Cryogenics. # 8221 ; The 1995 Groiler Multimedia Encyclopedia. Tompkins, Wayne. # 8220 ; Mummification Program Revives Ancient Option for Afterlife. # 8221 ; NEWS. February 4, 1990: 1A-1E. ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

Lincoln Douglas Debate free essay sample

In agreeing to the debates, Lincoln ND Douglas decided to hold one debate in each of the nine congressional districts in Illinois. Because both had already spoken in two, Springfield and Chicago, within a day of each other, they decided that their joint appearances would be held only in the remaining seven districts. The debates Were held in seven towns in the State Of Illinois: Ottawa on August 21 , Freeport on August 27, Joneses on September 15, Charleston on September 18, Eagleburger on October 7, Quince on October 13, and Alton on October 15.The debates in Freeport, Quince and Alton drew especially large numbers of people from neighboring states, as the issue of slavery was of monumental importance to citizens across the nation. Newspaper coverage of the debates was intense. Major papers from Chicago sent stenographers to create complete texts of each debate, which newspapers across the United States reprinted in full, with some partisan edits. Newspapers that supported Douglas edited his speeches to remove any errors made by the stenographers and to correct grammatical errors, while they left Lincoln speeches in the rough form in which they had been transcribed. We will write a custom essay sample on Lincoln Douglas Debate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the same ay, pro-Lincoln papers edited Lincoln s speeches, but left the Douglas texts as reported. After losing the election for Senator in Illinois, Lincoln edited the texts of all the debates and had them published in a book.The widespread coverage of the original debates and the subsequent popularity of the book led eventually to Lincoln nomination for President of the United States by the 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago. The format for each debate was: one candidate spoke for 60 minutes, then the other candidate spoke for 90 minutes, and then the first candidate was allowed a 30-minute rejoinder. The candidates alternated speaking first. As the incumbent, Douglas spoke first in four of the debates. Before the debates, Lincoln said that Douglas was encouraging fears of amalgamation of the races with enough success to drive thousands of people away from the Republican Party. Douglas tried to convince, especially the Democrats, that Lincoln was an abolitionist for saying that the American Declaration of Independence applied to blacks as well as whites. Lincoln called a self-evident truth the electric cord that links the hearts of patriotic and liberty-loving men together. Lincoln argued in his House Divided Speech that Douglas was part of a conspiracy to nationalize slavery.Lincoln said that ending the Missouri Compromise ban on slavery in Kansas and Nebraska was the first step in this direction, and that the Dried Scott decision was another step in the direction of spreading slavery into Northern territories. Lincoln expressed the fear that the next Dried Scott decision would make Illinois a slave state. Both Lincoln and Douglas had opposition. Although Lincoln was a former Whig, the prominent former Whig Judge Audiophiles Lyle Dickey said that Lincoln was o closely tied to the abolitionists, and supported Douglas.But Democratic President James Buchanan opposed Douglas for defeating the Locomotion Constitution, and set up a rival National Democratic party that drew votes away from him. Lincoln used a number of colorful phrases in the debates, such as when he said that one argument by Douglas made a horse chestnut into a chestnut horse, and compared an evasion by Douglas to the sepia cloud from a cuttlefish. Lincoln said that Douglas Freeport Doctrine was a do- nothing sovereignty that was as thin as the homeopathic soup that was dad by boiling the shadow of a pigeon that had starved to death. The October surprise of the election was the endorsement of the Democrat Douglas by former Whig John Accredited. Former Whig comprised the biggest block of swing voters, and Criterions endorsement of Douglas rather than Lincoln, also a former Whig, reduced Lincoln chances of winning. On election day, the Democrats won a narrow majority of seats in the Illinois General Assembly, despite getting slightly less than half the votes. The legislature then re-elected Douglas.However, the widespread media coverage f the debates greatly raised Lincoln national profile, making him a viable candidate for nomination as the Republican candidate in the upcoming 1860 presidential election. He would go on to secure both the nomination and the presidency, besting Douglas (as the Northern Democratic candidate), among others, in the process. The Lincoln-Douglas debate format that is used in high school and college competition today is named after this series of debates. Modern presidential debates trace their roots to the Lincoln-?Douglas Debates, though the format today is remarkably different from the original. Lincoln Douglas Debate free essay sample Leslie, Law Professor from the Benjamin Carload School of Law, wrote, Consequently, the contents of attorney-client communications are extraordinarily relevant and reliable evidence. If the point of litigation is to deduce the truth, why exclude attorney-client communications? Most evidentially rules further the search for truth. Hearsay is excluded as unreliable, character evidence as unduly prejudicial. The law of privileges is a stark exception because it conceals evidence that is highly reliable and probative.We tolerate attorney-client privilege because we suppose that without it, fear or ignorance would cause clients to omit, slant, or falsify information when consulting attorneys. Perhaps unwittingly, clients would refit the opportunity to obtain sound legal advice. The privilege, therefore, enables clients to function effectively in the legal system. The price is the exclusion of relevant and reliable evidence. In a fair trial, both the defendant and the accuser swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. We will write a custom essay sample on Lincoln-Douglas Debate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This cannot occur if the defendant tells the attorney of the heinous crime, and the attorney covers up the tracks for his guilty client. This breaks the oath by not telling the whole truth under oath, and May possibly let a guilty man be let free even tough he is in all rights guilty. The reviled even excludes evidence that is related to but not necessarily a part of what is covered in by the privilege. As a democracy the U. S is formed around the idea of the social contract in which idea that citizens will give up certain rights, to a certain degree, in order for the government to protect the populace and effectively serve justice.The way the government upholds its end of the contract is through its laws, meaning that breaking the law will result in consequence. If the laws are broken and there is no punishment then the laws dont serve their purpose meaning the government cant serve TTS purpose either. Attorney client privilege makes it harder for the guilty to be convicted and result in a larger number of incorrect verdicts. Therefore the law isnt upheld, the guilty go free and the law process ineffective. More importantly, however, the innocent arent protected and therefore this undermines the purpose Of the social contract.As a democracy the U. S is formed around the idea of the social contract in which idea that citizens will give up certain rights, to a certain degree, in order for the government to protect the populace and effectively serve justice. The way the government upholds its end of the contract is through its laws, meaning that breaking the law will result in consequence. Fifth laws are broken and there is no punishment then the laws dont serve their purpose meaning the government cant serve its purpose either.Attorney client privilege makes it harder for the guilty to be convicted and result in a larger number of incorrect verdicts. Therefore the law isnt upheld, the guilty go free and the law proves ineffective. More importantly, however, the innocent arent protected and therefore this undermines the purpose of the social contract. With this essentially immoral, albeit perfectly legal arrangement, we have surrounded ourselves with lies, and locked ourselves up within a system that perpetuates further lies.Our jails are filled with people who are incarcerated for all the wrong reasons, a miasmas haze of generalized guilt unspecified and totally disconnected from the actual events themselves. They sit in jail, and the story of what happened sits with them. And no one seems to care, as long as jails have low vacancy rates. We have bargained away the sanctity of truth for the certainty of a jail sentence. Indeed, the official courthouse records of criminal suppositions are distorted, because they reflect false punishments. A rape IS reduced to an assault.Something that is felonious suddenly, magically, becomes merely mischievous. A first-degree offense is lessened to a crime with a lower degree of culpability, stripped down to something less ominous- and less true. We are all ultimately the unwitting victims off system that subordinates truths to its narrow vision of justice. But constituencies all about discovering the truth? Moral and historical justice cant be accomplished without knowing what happened. This is what people assume courthouses re for: truth telling, truth seeking, justice embodied in the very nature, and in all the delicate nuances, of truth itself.Some proponents of the privilege argue that abandoning the privilege will discourage people from seeking legal advice, but this is not empirically proven. Edward J. Malingered, Law Professor at U. Cal Davis, writes, There have been a number of studies on the effect of the attorney-client and psychotherapist-patient privileges. It is certainly dangerous to extrapolate from the available data, because there have been only a few handfuls of studies. However, the findings in the studies re relatively uniform.The researchers have fairly consistently found that: Even absent a privilege, only a small minority of laypersons would be deterred from consulting the professional; without a privilege, perhaps a significant minority of the laypersons would be somewhat more guarded in their communications, particularly written communications, with the confidant; but the vast majority of laypersons would still consult and communicate with their confidants to roughly the same extent. On reflection, these findings should not come as a surprise. As professor paschal pointed UT in the Senate hearings on the proposed Federal Rules of Evidence, most laypersons communicating with confidants are engaged in primary, pre- litigation activities. Typically, at the time of the communication they have little or no concern about subsequent litigation. Moreover, they often have strong, even impelling, reasons to communicate. For example, if a patient is in intense pain or fears that he or she is dying, the patient is likely to disclose any information requested by the physician regardless of the existence veil non of a medical privilege in that jurisdiction. And even if it were true that abandoning the privilege will discourage some from seeking legal advice, only those who are guilty would be discouraged from doing so. The innocent have nothing to hide. All societies are formed around the social contract. All social contract theories are based off of the idea that the people will give up certain rights, to an extent, in order for the government to protect the populace in some way.The mechanisms for a government to uphold its end of the social contract are its laws. However, for laws to mean anything, they must have authority, meaning that if someone breaks a law, they must be punished, otherwise it would be as if no laws existed at all. The mechanism is simple, but its implementation is difficult. Modern jurisprudence, including attorney client privilege, makes it substantially more difficult for the guilty to be convicted, causing a net decrease in the number of correct verdicts.In these circumstances, the law is not upheld, and the guilty go free, undermining the authority of the law in the process, and, by extension, the social contract itself is undermined. Negative The primary argument in favor of retaining the attorney- client privilege is hat it facilitates effective representation, which is important to justice. The purpose of the attorney-client privilege is to enable clients to make full and frank disclosures to their attorneys so that those attorneys can provide effective advice and candid representation.Without the privilege, people would not be able to use attorneys effectively because they would be deterred from sharing critical information with their attorneys out of fear that it could be used against them in trial. Ronald Goldberg, Attorney states protection O f attorney-client communications a modern form Of proof reductionism toward which courts are especially solicitous? Historical privilege has benefited from judicial deference and understanding. Court reported, It is out of regard. .. O the administration of justice, who cannot go on without he aid of men skilled in jurisprudence, in the Para the courts, and in those matters affecting rights and obligations which the subject of all judicial proceedings. If the privilege did not exist at a one would be thrown upon his own legal resources. Deprived of all professional assistance, a man would not venture to consult ay skillful or would only dare to tell his counselor half his case. And without off representation, it would be difficult to achieve justice. One of the basic tenants of the U. S. System is a strong defense without all the knolled: possible a defense attorney cannot give a defendant the best defense possible. The absence of Attorney-Client privileged would cause defend to actually not tell their attorneys the truth resulting in the opposite e the intent of the Resolution. One could actually argue that Attorney CLC preventable is essential to truth seeking therefore they should have CE precedence. On one scenario, we have truth seeking, which does not serially bring justice at all and is incredibly difficult to discern.Our scenario is the attorney-client privilege, which allows the defendant to professional advice on what is the right action, and thereby just. This the defendant to more accurately decide what is just, and therefore, b the attorney client privilege brings a higher chance of justice, should etc precedence over truth seeking in the United States criminal justice sys How can a government be legitimate if its violating peoples basic hung rights t o privacy, did we not found this country to preserve our basic h eight?Also why would a client tell his attorney anything if he knows HTH information would immediately be released, it doesnt allow lawyers etc there job, and if they know the full and unedited truth it can help bring! A correct verdict rather than also letting peoples rights be infringed u Negative debaters can question the value Of truth seeking. While that the privilege excludes evidence that is important for truth seeking important to note that this evidence would not exist in the first place v the privilege. Its not as if the privilege is covering up evidence that wool tennis be known.

Peer Groups essays

Peer Groups essays Unlike parents, siblings, teachers, and church and official leaders who have power over the teenagers they are trying the socialize, peers do not posses such power. In fact, they are equal in social status and do not have the power to punish or sanction behavior. Unlike a family which one is born into or a school that one has to attend, peer groups are voluntary association, teenagers can leave and join peer groups at any time. However, loosing friends is a big issue, because teenagers evaluate themselves based on the number of friends they have. During the adolescent years, peers play an important role in socialization especially in the American society, where most parents are so busy with their 9 to 5 jobs that they dont get the chance to spend Peers teach some important qualities that other agents of socialization cant. For example, they teach independence from authority, but at the same time conformity to the peer group. This is evident, when we see a teenager begging his/her parent to go to the movies with her/his friends alone without adult supervision. The teenager wants to feel independent. However at the same time, he/she must try to conform to the values and beliefs of the peer group to be able to fit in and hang out with them. One way to gain independence from authority is to form a youth subculture, which sometimes engages in conflicts with parents, teachers, and church official because of the difference of attitude which they present. For example, adults have different values and beliefs toward drinking alcohol . A member of a peer group would probably think that as long as one knows who they are drinking with and does not over drink, and does not put herself in the position to get harmed; then, drinking is fine and harmless. The adult would disagree saying that by drinking not does one hurt themselves physically, but when they are drunk they do not have contro ...

A Report About Niccolo Machiavelli History Essay

A Report About Niccolo Machiavelli History Essay Niccolo Machiavelli was born in 1469 in Florence. Since 1484, Florence had a republican government after ruling Medici family and its supporters were driven from power. Machiavelli suffered from this regime change: first he was sent to an internal exile and later was imprisoned and tortured for several weeks when (wrongly) suspected of conspiring against the Medici family in 1513. Following which, he retired to his farm outside Florence. This drove him to turn to literary pursuits and he wrote his famous study on power, ‘The Prince’ in 1517. The Prince was primarily a guide book for his prince, Lorenzo De Medici, to help him promote himself into the political set up of Italy. Machiavelli analyzed power and the ways for Italy to gain it to become independent and keep control. The explanations in the book were driven by Machiavelli’s own attraction with power and his deep desire for an independent Italy. His ideas on the rules of power caters to the struggles for a ll levels of power, from a common man struggling in the world of business to strategies performed by the political leaders in the sixteenth century to now. ‘The Prince’ is primarily a study of power in which Machiavelli suggests how political power should be acquired, utilized, and maintained by the ruler. (Fischer, 2000), (Source: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/ ) Machiavelli always asserted the importance of acquisition of power, he thinks it comes naturally to all humans and the one who does acquire power should be praised and not blamed. Machiavelli’s Philosophy beyond Acquisition of Power: Machiavelli doesn’t just concentrated on acquisition of power, he said that the real concern of any ruler is the not just acquisition but also maintenance of power. On the basis of his past experiences with the Florentine government, he supports the view that being right and good human being is not sufficient to acquire and maintain political offi ce. He feels power typically defines political activity; therefore any ruler must know how it is used. Since only by proper application of power, can rulers make individuals obey them and will be able to enforce law to maintain peace in the state. â€Å"one can say this in general of men: they are ungrateful, disloyal, insincere and deceitful, timid of danger and avid of profit†¦. Love is a bond of obligation which these miserable creatures break whenever it suits them to do so; but fear holds them fast by a dread of punishment that never passes† (Machiavelli 1965, 62; translation altered) Thus we see that Machiavelli believes that fear is always preferable to love while dealing with subjects, because laws are enforced on the basis of threat of coercive force, because people obey law due to the fear of results of not doing the same, whether the loss of life or other punishments. These are all Machiavelli’s views on how to maintain power not acquire it. His pragmat ic political ideas are based on two elements: The political environment in the world at that point in time was divided and commanded by powers with no possibility of unification. That time no political leader at that time who was using the kind of force Machiavelli thought was required for peace. He thought that a price feared by his subjects would ensure their loyalty. On human nature, Machiavelli thought humans are basically greedy and selfish and their actions are driven more by fear than by love. As a political philosopher, his attempt was to introduce a new way to create a society, which according to him was different from the one existing. Though his philosophy has been regarded as evil by many, but in practice most business leaders and politicians agree and follow it and regard it as the physics of power. The philosophy put forward in The Prince, is popularly known as Machiavellianism and is defined as: â€Å"The political doctrine of Machiavelli, which denies the rel evance of morality in political affairs and holds that craft and deceit are justified in pursuing and maintaining political power.† We can explain this with simple saying that as far as power is concerned, the end justifies the means. The core thought of Machiavelianism is that the purpose of the ruler (power holder) is to maintain peace and security of the state irrespective of the morality of the means.

Male Control the Social World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Male Control the Social World - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that the males watch over the female gender to ensure that they are as disciplined as possible. As a protector of the female gender, men are supposed to see to it that their sisters and daughters do not have sexual relationships until they are married. They also watch over daughters, sisters and wives to ensure they do not engage in extramarital affairs. Basically, the females must have sexual purity if they are to deserve men, and those men have to make sure of the sexual purity by always watching over the females. In this case of the Middle Eastern communities, the male-controlled society only exercises supervision on females, while the females would never supervise men.This study highlights that the Samba society also emphasizes one fact; that women always carry pollutants. Initiating males involves ritual activities which include removal of female (feminine) pollutants imbued into their bodies throughout the duration of mother’s care. This is a clear show of how impure females are perceived to be. Again during love-making, the Samba men are believed to have feminine pollutants imbued on their bodies by their sexual partners. Initiation involves training the Samba males on how to remove feminine pollutants imbued on their bodies during love-making. In this scenario, females are associated with perpetual dirt which men must always remove. Additionally, men are so much in control and are unsupervised by females.   Ã‚  

Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Report - Assignment Example ly reduce its cost burden and be reflected in affordable prices that will act as a competitive measure against other global corporations (Wintzer 56). In regard to its quarterly performance snapshots, it is advisable that the firm would enjoy competitive advantage by diversifying in terms of its products. This would significantly cushion it against loses from other products due to tastes and seasonal demand disparities. There is seemingly a regional difference in terms of revenue and costs which can majorly be attributed to tax policies and other government regulations. For this firm to remain competitive and command greater market size in year 11, the management needs to reorganize its regional inventory size (Wintzer 96). This would mean that the company concentrate much of its sales effort to developed economies but shift much of its value creation processes in developing economies with cheap labor and raw materials. The global performance overview indicates positive outcome in terms of the firm’s shares pricing. This sets a good pace for overall rating of the firm in comparison to its other competitors. It would only be advisable that the company focus on more equity financing than debt financing to boost its security and restore faith of the shareholders thereby competing favorably with other companies in the industry in year

Samsung Electronics Marketing Essay Example for Free

Samsung Electronics Marketing Essay SAMSUNG MOBILE Samsung Electronics (Mobile Division) operates in one of the most competitive markets of the world. According to the US Federal Communication Commission 67 new Smartphone devices are introduced every year. Samsung traditionally had a conservative image that focused on low-price products for the lower end of the market. With low prices it was able to compete in the lower-market whereas in the upper market it had lesser penetration. To penetrate the upper-market Samsung had to give up their lower-market position and focus on innovation and perceiving a higher brand value. SEGMENTATION GEOGRAPHIC It has Samsung Guru Segment for rural areas as well as Galaxy segment for urban areas. Samsung is one of the largest manufacturers of mobile phones and it shares the highest cell phone customers with Nokia in India. It has something for everyone. Urban: Targeting urban youth with many handsets. Built in mobile features like 3G, wifi, GPS different operating systems. Price range RS 1000 and above. Rural: It has a better brand image in rural market. Samsung recently tied up with the Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative. (IFFCO0 for rural telephony. Special applications for rural market. Hinglish Messaging. Price range 1000-5000 DEMOGRAPHIC Age: 15-21 21-35 35-60 60 and above Price Rs 1000-10000 1000-20000 1000-35000 1000-10000 53 Handsets 68 Handsets 72 Handsets 53 Handsets Family Size: 1-2, 3-4, 5+ members Gender: Males All categories except Samsung Pink Phones. Females Specially designed Samsung Pink Phones e.g Samsung B3310 pink, F48o Tocco pink, J700 pink, U900 Soul pink, L770 pink, U600 pink, G600 pink and F480 Tocco. Social class: Middle class (Youth), Upper class (businessman) Lower class (workers) PSYCHOGRAPHIC Samsung came with some so fancy mobile phones specially for girls and cheaper touch screen stylish phones so that everyone can enjoy touch screen The rate of normal mobiles. Samsung has its range of mobile phones start from 1200to 32,000+. Value offers various operating systems like Android, Windows Mobile for customers to choose for. -excellent after sales service having service centers in all over India. functions rich phones atlow price, e.g Samsung GT- 3213 -Samsung App store Conscious Samsung has good mouth publicity High Techno Savvy Samsung provides latest technologies for it’s high techno savvy customers. Low techno Savvy Samsung provides various mobiles for low techno savvy customers like essential phones. BEHAVIORAL HOW LOYAL?: Good brand image form other electronic products. Value for Money Product Many service centers across India. SOCIO-ECONOMIC Low Income Middle Income Higher Income Price 1000 – 5000 Price 5000 – 15000 Price 15000 – 35000 35 Products 48 Products 11 Products TARGETING After segmenting the market based on the different groups and classes, the targets need to be chosen. Samsung mobiles have the following target customers: Trendy young people. Professionals. Large businesses. The common cellular phone users. Organizations such as: services to public safety, the government, and both utility and manufacturing enterprises. Institutional sales for colleges. Target is not only number driven but also about acquiring and retaining customers. POSITIONING Positioning is about the customer perception about the brand as being different from the other brands on specific dimension including product attributes. The strategies adopted by Samsung to position itself in the  Mobile Phone market are as follows: It focuses more on the real margin which comes from mid-to-high-end segments Samsung Concept Store Market making category creation in small towns Wider Care Network Access to Samsung care line Pioneering in the 3G segment of mobile phones. Branded itself as a synonym for quality. Created a Unique Brand Image for itself as a high end value driven brand.

Modernism vs Neo-Traditionalism Essay -- essays research papers

Modernism vs Neo-Traditionalism: A debate on the merits and failures of two major competing paradigms in architecture and urban planning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beyond the term modernism underlies one of the greatest ideas in architectural development. Modernism was meant to provide more green areas, cheaper housing and more efficient use of space. This was to be accomplished by creating vertically dense spaces with the use of the new inventions of the nineteenth century, such as steel, glass, electricity and elevators. By decreasing costs of building, modernists hoped to provide cheaper housing, affordable to almost anybody. The modernist movement was also promising to meet the growing demand for office spaces, hence the motto â€Å"form follows function† . Today, the inhabitants of every large city are able to see products of modernist influence. Its opposite, neo-traditionalism, is admired for its beauty and variety. â€Å"Small City U.S.A.† is an extremely popular concept among today’s citizens, looking to escape the ordinary, colorless office buildings. Boring and redundant, is modernism today wh at it was conceptualized to be? Its ideas shape today’s housing, from housing projects to single homes that have neo-traditional skin. Modernist concepts are of incredible importance and necessity; however, they were misunderstood in application.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Modernism was a response to the rise of industrial manufacturing as man’s chief economic activity.† Modernism fulfilled the growing demand for office space. It made use of such inventions as steel, glass, concrete and elevators. Steel and concrete allowed building to go to whole new heights. Glass and electricity provided lighting, thus making the workday longer. Elevators made the office buildings possible by carrying its inhabitants to any floor in the building. These materials also solved the problem of fireproofing and were definitely less costly than the materials used for traditional buildings. At the same time, modernist buildings became uniform: built from the same materials, modular, colorless with the same components, flat roofs and lack of ornamentation. Kunstler argued that such buildings have seized to have any meaning that they destroy social arrangements and do not consider natural resources. He blamed modernism for ruining the c ities with corporate gigantism, failing to creat... ... supposed to provide for both.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People who despise modernism, probably do not know what it is supposed to be. Post-modernism seems to be more or less of an answer. It finally lets modernist buildings nurture creativity. Post-modernist buildings vary in shape, size and color, thus making them more appealing to the eye and less redundant. It seems that the costs of such innovations would still be less than those of traditional buildings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that our society needs post-modernism. People long for trees and parks and waterfronts, as well as for buildings that one can look at and think, â€Å"Oh, G-d, that is beautiful.† We need this no less than we need office buildings. Modernism and post-modernism are deemed to be different, and they are in the sense that post-modernism is exactly what modernism was supposed to be, may be with a bit more variety. In many instances, post-modernist buildings are even more attractive than neo-traditional. So, maybe one day when all modernist ideals are realized, a person will come out of the new Federal Plaza and for a hundredth time think, â€Å"This is the most relaxing landscape I’ve ever seen.

Consumer Buying Behaviour Towards Branded Milk Essay

Common application form for income schemes UTI – Bond Fund UTI – Floating Rate Fund STP (An open ended pure debt fund) The product is suitable for investors who are seeking*: l Regular returns for long-term l Investment predominantly in medium to long term debt as well as money market instruments l Low risk (Blue) (An open-ended Income Scheme) The product is suitable for investors who are seeking*: l Regular income over short-term l UTI – Credit Opportunities Fund Investment in floating rate debt / money market instruments, fixed rate debt / money market instruments swapped for floatingratereturn Low risk (Blue) (An open-ended Income scheme) The product is suitable for investors who are seeking*: l Reasonable income and capital appreciation over long-term l Investment in debt and money market instruments across different maturities & credit rating l Low risk (Blue) UTI – Gilt Advantage Fund LTP (An open-ended Gilt Scheme) The product is suitable for investors who are seeking*: l Long-term credit risk free return l UTI – Dynamic Bond Fund (An open ended income scheme) The product is suitable for investors who are seeking*: l Optimal returns with adequate liquidity over medium-term l Investment in debt/ money market instruments l Low risk (Blue) Investment in sovereign securities issued by the Central Government and/ or a State Government and / or any security unconditionally guaranteed by the Central Government and / or a State Government Low risk (Blue) UTI – G-SEC STP UTI – Fixed Maturity Plan (An close-ended Umbrella Income Scheme comprising of several Investment Plans) The product is suitable for investors who are seeking*: l Regular income for short term l Investment in Debt/Money Market Instrument/ Govt. 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Early Ages Essay

The Middle Ages is a catchall phrase often used by historians alluding to the thousands of years between the fall of the Roman Empire and the period of discovery and reawakening. The term Middle Ages was coined during the period that followed it, which was the Renaissance (Roseinwein, 2008). Since people from the Renaissance period thought of themselves as â€Å"advanced and civilized,† they deemed the time between them and the earlier world as the â€Å"Middle Age† (2008). The term derived from the Latin medium, which means middle and aevium, referring to age (2008). The Early Middle Ages, which occurred from 5th – 8th centuries, was dominated by Christianity which eventually became the rationale for uniting Europe culturally and linguistically (Herrin, 2002, p. 609). It was also a period marked by distinctions of social classes- the noble, the peasants and the clergy, with peasants populating more (Kamien, 1998, p. 62). This was the reason by medieval society was often described as a period with lack of food supply, poor agriculture, and poor economic conditions (p. 612). As aforementioned, the Early Middle Ages brought forth the importance of religion, specifically that of the Roman Catholic Church. It was during this time when the Holy Roman Empire was established. . One outstanding work from this period and perhaps had the earliest record was medieval music, particularly the Gregorian chant. The Gregorian chant was the official music of the Roman Catholic Church (Kamien, 1998, p. 65). Although the Gregorian chant was named in honor of Pope Gregory I, it was said that the pope was in fact not its creator (p. 65). Historians accounted the existence of Gregorian account or what they believed was its evolution to psalm singing in Jewish synagogues in the first centuries after Christ (p. 65). However the case may be, Pope Gregory could still be held responsible for the popularity of the Gregorian chant. The Gregorian chant is actually a body of unaccompanied vocal music. It was meant to set the mood for certain religious services (Kamien, 1998, p. 65). Set in Latin, Gregorian chants swept the music of the Early Middle Ages. Gregorian chant is like no other music for has no meter nor regular rhythms (p. 65). However, it is this distinct characteristic that makes the Gregorian chant a somewhat free-flowing disposition. Listening to a Gregorian melody invokes serenity, as if disengaging the listener from any anxieties. It is considered monophonic since it is music for one line and is sung in unison. It is said that there are only few names of Gregorian chant composers. This is because composers did not think of themselves as composers but as conduits of the voice of God. One of the most known contributors of the Gregorian chant was Hildegard (p. 68). A nun, Hildegard composed O Successores (You Successors), a chant intended to give praise to the â€Å"holy confessors who are successors of Christ† (p. 68). In the period that followed the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the predominant sound continued to be unaccompanied vocal music. However, the dawn of the Baroque period saw the musical style embracing the use of musical instruments like the harpsichord, violin and viola (Kamien, 1998, p. 104). Likewise, the melody has become wider instead of the narrow range that accompanied the Gregorian chant. While the Renaissance period still had Mass music, the Baroque period ushered in opera, sonata and concertos (pp. 100-115). Church music, especially the Lutheran service, was called a church cantata (p. 129). Whereas the Middle Ages was limited to the culture of the Church, the succeeding periods created new attitudes- that of showing that people have the capacity to create and shape their world instead of merely serving as conduits. The Gregorian chants, which was passed on by oral traditions, ebbed away slowly until a 1994 release of ‘Chant† by the Benedictine monks of Santo Domingo de Silos. This made Gregorian chant popular again due its similarity with New Age Music- smooth, uniform and non confrontational. The Early Middle Ages may have focused on sublime spirituality but the beauty of it has emanated throughout the centuries. Listen to a church hymn and feel how it has evolved from a simple, monophonic music to the finely crafted yet polyphonic texture of today. References Herrin, J. E. (2002). Early Middle Ages. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 16, pp. 609-612) USA: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Kamien, R. (1998). Music an appreciation 3rd ed. USA: McGraw-Hill. Rosenwein, B. (2008). Middle Ages. Retrieved February 5, 2009, from Microsoft Encarta Web site: http://encarta. msn. com/text_761578474___0/Middle_Ages. html

Cultural Relativism Vs Universal Childrens Rights essays

Cultural Relativism Vs Universal Childrens Rights essays Cultural Relativism Vs Universal Childrens Rights Even though most moral codes are linked to cultural We cannot deny that cultural differences are real and are important in analyzing and judging cases, but cultural relativism taken to the negative extreme can be hurtful, cruel and violating to the universal laws of childrens rights. I. Cultural relativism says that good and bad are related to culture. What is "good" is what is "socially approved" in a culture and society. What is normal is what is shown to us in society, be it good or bad to others of another society. For example an Indian man may think that the color white is a sign of death and a widow would have to wear that after her husband is deceased, while in other cultures, white is the color of a brides dress. Cultural relativists see other cultures, not as "wrong," but as "different." I believe that cultural relativists believe in live and let live, but yet human nature is to judge and compare. Therefore it is important to have a universal law that defines right from wrong. In some countries, we cannot control the social behaviors. In certain cases, we, the other society has to let the certain culture survive as long as it does not affect other cultures in extreme. Universal Children rights, this is the one unbiased true and valid code that applies to every nation around the world. There are some cultures ignorant to the fact. This is argued by some. Alison Renteln argues that there cannot be one universal law, but that there has to be cross cultural universals bridging the positive cultures together. The challenge before the human rights movement is to involve methods where the positive cultures points are inter-tied with human rights norms. This is especially the case in countries with mixed cultures, as in the...

Sales Promotion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sales Promotion - Research Paper Example A hypothetical budget and return on investment calculation is done in the final part of the study. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Sales Promotion 4 Theories of Sales Promotion 7 Sales Promotion Objectives 8 Creating Inquiries 8 Product Trial 8 Building Traffic 9 Rate of Purchase 9 Loyalty 9 Awareness 9 Tactical Reason 10 Comparative Analysis Product Profile and Sales Promotion Activity 11 Sales Promotion Budget 13 Return on Investment 14 References 16 Bibliography 17 Sales Promotion Sales promotional techniques like free gift item on each purchase, free movie ticket, holiday tour and free dining invitation are used to increase the brand awareness among customers. They use exchange offers (exchange the old TV set and get a new TV set at reduced price) to push the sales. Sales promotion can be done by using seasonal sales technique. The technique can be summarized in the following manner. Winter sale, autumn sale, summer sale and discount of 50% on particular product are few exa mples of seasonal sales technique. These are all incentive program offered by companies to boost up the sales. Incentive program may come in the form of gifts, free samples, demonstrations, discount coupons, trade shows, contests etc. Retailer uses all these techniques as a part of sales promotion to motivate customers to purchase more and in this way they can increase sales volume. This type of sales promotion is known as consumer promotion (Kenneth, 2007, p. 330). Many companies use personal selling and advertising as a promotional tool to increase the brand equity in the mind of consumer. Personal selling deals with face-to-face interaction with customer or target segment but advertising is use to communicate brand massage to large number customers. Advertising and Sales promotion are useful tools to increase sales of product. Advertising can be integrated with sales promotion to communicate incentive program on each purchase. Companies can use advertising to create awareness abo ut sales promotional schemes and offers to target customers. Personal selling can also be used for the same purpose but sales promotion and personal selling is not the same thing. They differ in terms of objectivity and technique. Sales promotion uses short term and non cohesive model to increase the sales with various incentive schemes. Generally the incentive program is not valid throughout the whole season. Companies use sales promotion during end of seasons or during festive seasons. Sales promotion is more occasion dependent. The promotional technique differs from personal selling and advertising in terms of process and application techniques (Pauwels, Risso, Srinivasan and Hanssens, 2003). Sales promotion is a part of integrate marketing communication (IMC) strategy. Company uses sales promotion to increase the brand visibility among customers. Manufacturer companies use sales promotion for two reasons. 1- Increase product sales to retailers (trade promotion) and 2- increase p roduct sales to customers (consumer promotion). Retailers also use sales promotion to increase the sales of a particular product. Sales promotions have an important role in the marketing programs adopted by retailers (Gedenk, Neslin and Ailawadi, n.d.). Sales promotion contributes a large percentage of advertising budgets for a company. Companies use at least seventy percent of total advertising budget on sales promotion.

EARLY VERSUS LATE CLAMPING OF THE UMBILICAL CORD Essay

EARLY VERSUS LATE CLAMPING OF THE UMBILICAL CORD - Essay Example Internationally, roughly a quarter of children below the age of four have iron deficiency anaemia, the severest type of iron deficiency (McDonald & Middleton, 2009). In Europe alone, the occurrence of this iron deficiency is between 3 to 7% among children below the age of four, and the occurrence of iron deficiency has been found to be as high as 26% (Grajeda et al., 2013). Some researchers argue that late cord clamping might have poor neonatal implications with enhanced risk of polycythaemia, respiratory symptoms, need of phototherapy and hyperbilirubinaemia (Emhamed et al., 2012). However, the main findings of this paper are that delaying of the umbilical cord clamping in full-term neonates for at least 2 minutes following birth is useful to the infant, extending into infancy. Even though, there was a raise in polycythemia among babies in whom cord clamping was belated, this condition seemed to be benign. Another main finding of this paper is that the iron amount in the blood in th e cord is large, which the baby requires for optimal fitness and for the hindrance of anaemia. Prior to the mid 50s, the phrase â€Å"early clamping† was defined as the clamping of umbilical cord in a minute just after birth, and â€Å"late clamping,† on the other hand, as clamping the of the umbilical cord over 5 minutes following the baby’s birth (Grajeda et al., 2013). In a number of researches of blood quantity changes following a baby’s birth carried out by researchers in nations like the U.S., the United Kingdom, as well as Canada, it was found out that in healthy term babies, over 90% of blood volume was attained in the first few breaths the baby took following birth (Mathew, 2011). Due to these findings and the lack of specific recommendations regarding the best timing, the period between birth and clamping of the umbilical cord started to be reduced. In a majority of cases, clamping of the umbilical cord is carried out between 15 to 20 seconds following the birth